Humidity
Humidity in the forest is needed for the plants. Humidity is the amount of water vapour in the air. It is essential for germination of seeds as they are growing. Plants, which are near ponds, have a lot of humidity around them. Because the water is constantly evaporating so there is more moisture.
Rainfall
Rainfall is another data, which I need to collect information about; I will measure rainfall using a rain meter. Rainfall is very important for the plants, as water is needed for photosynthesis to occur. If there is drought then the plants are going to die out. Rainfall can lead to many changes in the ecosystem. Rainfall can also affect the ponds in the ecosystem. If it doesn’t rain for a long time the ponds will start drying out, then the grass will start growing and it will become grassland. I want an average amount of rainfall because a lot if rainfall can lead to river flooding which can cause damage in the ecosystem. If the stream is flooded it can cause damages in the forest.
Light intensity
Light intensity is also very important in the ecosystem and I think it would be necessary to collect information. To measure light intensity I will use a light meter, I will measure the light intensity in various places such as tree canopy, open place, hill, slop, and plain land. The amount of light is very important for the trees particularly as they all compete for light. It is important for young trees as they are not very tall, old trees are large and most of the time they are preventing the light to reach small young trees. If the plants do not get enough sunlight then they will die out.
Wind speed and direction
Strong winds can damage the trees by breaking the branches. To measure the wind speed I will use an anemometer. Thin young trees will particularly suffer from winds. If a certain amount of branches are destroyed then the tree will die.
pH of soil
The pH of soil is the acidity of the soil and I will use a pH meter to measure it. I will do the test for 5 samples. Some plants got used to living only in acidic soil whereas some other plants can not live in acidic soil areas. I am going to do the pH of soil because it can affect the plant growth. The affect is that some bacteria that decomposes the soil organic matter is blocked in strong acidic soils.
Soil analysis
I am also going to measure soil analysis. For doing soil analysis I will take 5 different samples from various places. I will weigh the soil sample then I will place in an oven at a 100oC temperature and I will leave it in the oven for a day for the water to be removed which in the soil (water evaporates). After the water has evaporated I will weigh the sample again to see how much water the soil contained. Then using a Bunsen burner I will burn the humus in the soil then I will weigh it again the remains of the soil. The remains form the first two tests will be small dirt and stone so in order to separate them I will use a sieve and then I will take the mass again.
I will do the soil analysis because I want to determine the level of nutrients found in a soil sample.
Physical factors and human factor have had a big impact in the ecosystem for very long time. Physical factors can cause many changes in the ecosystem as they have but then it is the law of nature and unfortunately there is not much that can be done about it e.g. rain cant be stopped winter, temperature cant be changed. This is a law that can’t be changed and even though they have caused many changes the ecosystem is quiet used to it. But the human factor has caused changes as well and also has caused great damage in the past hunting animals, pollarding etc. Still they are causing damage due to a lack of care and some simple rules which they can’t be bothered to obey. But I will change this and fortunately the damage CAN BE STOPPED.
Task 4
WHAT IT IS?
Rubbish
WHAT EFFECT?
It can cause lack of light for plants and animals. It can also be dangerous for small animals as it can serve as a trap to.
HOW IT AFFECTS MY ECOSYSTEM?
Visitors coming to Epping Forest with hands full of different kinds of foods, snacks and drinks can damage the ecosystem within a short period of time and very easily. Unfortunately kids are difficult to control so they’ll run around throwing empty bottles, litter of crisps, chocolates and many other different sources of litter. This might look like a minor cause of concern but actually it should be a serious cause of concern as litter can damage the ecosystem in a bad way. Litter can cause pollution in the ecosystem and maybe the death of some plants and animals. If an empty pack of crisps is thrown on grass then sunlight can’t reach that area of grass so it will die out. This is because the light is blocked and photosynthesis will not occur. When the grass dies out, gradually that area of grassland will turn into soil and this will not look nice at all. Rubbish can actually cause the death of small animals as well such as field mice. If someone throws an empty bottle the flavour of whatever drink will attract the animals, so then when they try and reach inside after the drink, there is a great chance that the animal will not finds its way back out. Also throwing litter in the ponds can kill animals such as fish, frogs etc. because of the chemicals that litter is made of.
Imagine what will happen within a month. E.g. if 10.000 people are not prevented from throwing rubbish around everyday than within a short period of time the affect can be seen. This will affect the food chain e.g. the number of deers will decrease as there will not be enough grass for them, also the number of small animals will decrease, and then number of other small animals will increase due to a high number of deaths of predators.
HOW CAN I PREVENT IT?
Fortunately this is not hard to deal with but before visitors enter the forest they should be warned that if they or their kids are found throwing rubbish around then they will be persecuted with a fine of £10. I think the fine is a good method of warning the visitors, as they will take extra care for the ecosystem. But this is not enough because adults understand but kids are hard to deal with as they are unaware of the consequences. But there is a way that can prevent this. First the visited area in the Forest should be provided with rubbish bins which will help in a big way. Because then there is no excuse for anyone caught throwing litter around, and then instantly they will be given the fine slip of £10. But this could be judged as a very strict rule by the visitors. A better idea would to have restaurants outside the forest. These eating areas would help a lot because then visitors could have their meal in restaurants instead of bringing the food in the forest. But still the rubbish bins should be provided as they are necessary.
WHAT IT IS?
Walking on grass/undergrowth
WHAT EFFECT?
Can lead to damage of grassland; affect the look of the forest.
HOW IT AFFECTS MY ECOSYSTEM?
Visitors walking all over the place in the forest will easily damage the grassland. If 20.000 visitors visit the forest everyday and walk wherever they like then it is very obvious of what will happen to the grassland in a week time. The grass within a short time will wear away then gradually the grass will die out and it will turn into soil. Then this soil will start eroding slowly and after some time ponds might start forming ponds and I don’t want uncontrolled things occurring in my ecosystem. If this happens in many places then the forest won’t look nice at all because you will have places with grass.
HOW CAN I PREVENT IT?
This damage could be prevented by providing pathways in the forest. Pathways would be very helpful, when visitors come to Epping Forest they will be instructed to walk on the pathways only. I will provide my ecosystem with pathways all around the visiting areas. These pathways would serve very well as I would set them all around the attractive places where people would visit.
I am not going to set up the pathways everywhere I don’t it would be necessary areas which are not attractive or visited can’t be harmed if no humans go there. As for animals they can’t really o any damage as the ecosystem is used to them as they have been there for a very long time.
WHAT IT IS?
Unauthorised removal of plants
WHAT EFFECT?
Damage of plants
HOW IT AFFECTS MY ECOSYSTEM?
Unauthorised is as illegal as unauthorised hunting. In both cases it is damaging the ecosystem. Adults and kids will damage these plants as it is very easy. About £20.000 visitors visit Epping Forest each day and if £10.000 of these visitors starts removing plants then within a week there will plants no plants in the forest. UNAUTHORISED REMOVAL OF PLANTS is BANNED. People caught removing plants will be fined with a penalty of £20. Removing and damaging plants will affect the plant growth.
HOW CAN I PREVENT IT?
To minimise this damage I will have to warn visitors before they enter the Forest and in the forest there will be signs saying that the removal of plants is strictly banned because it damages the plants. Signs I the forest will help to acknowledge the visitors that the removal of any kinds of plants is illegal. Also the pathways will help prevent the visitors going close to the plants. Parents will also be told not to leave their children unattended as they can damage the ecosystem and are at risk of getting lost.
WHAT IT IS?
Damage to trees by breaking branches/pollarding
WHAT EFFECT?
It affects the growth of trees. Trees will die out.
HOW IT AFFECTS MY ECOSYSTEM?
Young kids are the biggest risk at damaging the plants. Children will be very excited once they go in the forest, they will have a lot of space so they run around causing damage. Some kids will go and climb up the trees and break branches to use them as toys for fun but they don’t realise that they are destroying the trees. It’s not only the kids that will cause damage because adults can and have broken and cut branches for a long time. In the past people needed wood during winter mainly, they used wood as heaters at home, it was necessary. Breaking branches or pollarding can badly damage the trees. It also depends on the trees, because if the trees are thin and young then they will die, but if the trees are quite old then they might not die but they will still be damaged and them damaged branches will take quiet some years to until they regenerate.
HOW CAN I PREVENT IT?
Damaging the plants is absolutely unacceptable. Breaking branches will badly affect the tree. If branches are broken then the plant will start to die. If young plants are damaged then they will start to die. Visitors should be reminded that breaking the branches of the plants is against our rules. There will be notices in the forest to remind the visitors that they will be asked to leave the forest if they are caught breaking the branches.
WHAT IT IS?
Exhaust gases from cars
WHAT EFFECT?
It causes pollution which can lead the death of plants and animals it can also cause the greenhouse affect.
HOW IT AFFECTS MY ECOSYSTEM?
Pollution can affect the whole ecosystem. It affects the air, the plants, the animals, the ponds everything. Pollution would destroy the ecosystem entirely. And I do not want this happening anywhere. If the ecosystem is polluted then it won’t even be an attractive place anymore but instead it will be one filthy place. This affect is again caused by the visitors that bring with them their cars. The exhaustion of these cars will cause pollution because all the chemicals will spread around affecting the air which is to most important factor for both plants and animals. If the air is polluted then everything will be unhealthy in the ecosystem.
HOW CAN I PREVENT IT?
To minimise the risk of this dangerous factor I will have to carefully think of what should be done about it. If its cars that will cause all this, then there shouldn’t be any cars near the forest. If the car park is near the forests then it should be removed in a different place far from the forest. There should be a sensible distance from the car parks to the forest. The car park should be about 800 meters away from the forest. The visitors will have to walk for a while but the ecosystem I should try and minimise every possible risk.
WHAT IT IS?
Animal grazing, including damage by animals that are naturally there.
WHAT AFFECT IT HAS?
Damage to plants affecting their growth
HOW DOES IT AFFECT MY ECOSYSTEM?
Animal grazing has to be taken under control somehow. There has to be a way to minimise the impact of this risk. . Some people might even bring their animals to graze in the Forest but this won’t be allowed because if animals graze in the Forest and don’t belong there then there will not be enough food for the animals that belong in the forest such as deer, and rabbits. If people are allowed to feed their horses or cows in the forest then there will not be enough food for animals and this could affect the ecosystem. There is caused enough damage by the animals that are naturally there, they all compete for food and when there is not enough food then they go damaging the plants
HOW CAN I PREVENT IT?
Unfortunately there is a little that can be done about it, grazing from animals of the forest cant be stopped because they have to feed on something but we just have to make sure that they dot cause any damage. Invertebrates that live in plants could also damage the plants. To prevent them causing any further damage we must use some kind of chemical or biological control. I think that chemical control would be too expensive to use for the entire forest. Biological control would be more appropriate because once you introduce the organism then it gradually kills the unwanted organisms.
WHAT IT IS?
Wastes from pets that visitors might bring with them like dogs
WHAT AFFECT IT HAS?
It causes pollution in the forest, causes damage to plants and wildlife.
HOW DOES IT AFFECT MY ECOSYSTEM?
When visitors come to Epping Forest they might bring with them pets like dogs or cats. The owners of these pets must be very careful wit their pets they have to make sure those pets are kept in leads. Because if pets like dogs are left unattended wondering around of forest then they are going to cause damages to the plants and the animals of Epping Forest, they will start damaging the ecosystem. Wastes from dogs will pollute the ecosystem as it contains harmful bacteria, because dogs at homes are normally fed with artificial foods, whereas animals of Epping Forest are fed with natural food like grass, plants etc. If dogs are left to run around the forest then they will go chasing rabbits or kill them.
HOW CAN I PREVENT IT?
Pets which are brought in the Forest by visitors must be controlled at all times also their owners should take care of the wastes of their pets. Plastic bags will be provided in the forest, the waste should be collected using the provided bags, and then the bags should be thrown in the rubbish bin. Visitors should take this very seriously as it is a serious offence leaving the waste on the floor. To keep pets like dogs safe from escaping in the forest owners should keep their pets in lead and the aggressive ones must be worn a facial mask, to prevent them from causing damage in case they escape. Particularly visitors that bring dogs should be very careful with how they control their dogs because if they escape they are a real threat to the wildlife.
WHAT IT IS?
Damage to the stream
WHAT AFFECT IT HAS?
It pollutes the stream; it kills the fish and other animals of the stream.
HOW DOES IT AFFECT MY ECOSYSTEM?
Water pollution is just as bad as air pollution. If the water is polluted then the fish will die and all other species in the water. This damage can be caused by humans throwing litter in the stream. Litter has a really bad affect; people throwing cans, bottles and other stuff will pollute the stream. This is a serious damage and people should be aware to not throw any kind of litter. Also fishing in the stream is banned, because the fish life will be affected. Visitors might even start abusing the stream, catching fish and killing them.
HOW CAN I PREVENT IT?
The damage to the stream has to be taken under control and should be treated very seriously by the staff of the forest and visitors. Rubbish bins will be provided everywhere around the areas that will be visited. All visitors should be warned that they will be persecuted if they are caught throwing litter in the forest. Rubbish bins are provided to throw litter. If anyone is caught throwing litter in the stream they will immediately asked to leave and will be persecuted.
Task 5
I am going to produce a management plan for my woodland ecosystem. I have designed this plan to minimise every possible damage, which can be caused by human activities. My goal is to make sure Epping Forest maintains in its present or better state for the next 150years. I want the Forest to be an appropriate pleasant environment for the animals, plants and the visitors who come to have a good time in the forest.
Humans have had a big impact in the forest for a long time that led to many changes. Some people come in the forest and start causing damages without having any respect for the inhabitants of the forest. People come to the forest throwing litter around affecting the plants, vegetation and other animals. Some irresponsible visitors will leave the wastes of their pets on the ground without even removing it; this causes damage to the vegetation and plants. Therefore notices should be put, warning visitors not to throw litter around, and also rubbish bins will be provided in the forest. For the wastes of the pets owners should be told that they must clean up the waste after their pet has excreted, plastic bags will be provided for a free price. Visitors will not be allowed to walk anywhere in the forest apart form pathways which, will be provided for visitors to walk on. Visitors should only follow the pathways. This is because vegetation and plants will be damaged and visitors stepping could kill also small invertebrates. Visitors might also exploit trees by using them for their own purposes e.g. for fire. Trees will be treated very seriously especially pollarded trees because the branches will take along time before they regenerate and grow. It will be banned to remove or collect any plants, from the forest. There should be notices in the forest informing visitors that removing plants is not allowed. Cars and other vehicles will not be allowed to be parked near the forest this is because of the exhaust gases can cause pollution. Also it can cause acid rain that can lead to a great damage destroying the trees, affecting animals, and destroying the fish and other reptiles in the stream. But it could be other factories that could be located near the forest. Unfortunately there is not much that can be done about it.
Some visitors might be smokers and it will be quiet hard for them because smoking in the forest will be banned. Because the fire ashes could lead to a disaster, destroying the ecosystem. It is unlikely to happen but we should be prepared and not take any risks. In the forest there will non-smoking notices warning informing the visitors that it is banned and dangerous. Animals’ grazing is something that can’t be done much about. People bringing their animals to graze in Epping Forest should be banned because animals, which belong in the forest, will graze there. People that live around those areas should be warned that grazing their animals is not allowed. Hunting will be strictly banned and offenders will be persecuted. Some people might come in the forest to have fun by killing animals but this is a serious crime as it will affect the food chain.
Before visitors enter the forest the map there will be a map and a large notice board instruct all the visitors.
I am going o explain how I could minimise the affects that I have identified above:
-
Rubbish: to prevent rubbish being thrown on the ground we have to provide a lot of rubbish bins because this makes it easy for the visitors to throw the litter in the bin and not on the ground. Also notices should be put in the forest that reminds the visitors of the bins.
-
Walking on grass/undergrowth: to prevent people from walking damaging the grass by walking on it pathways should be provided for the visitors. Pathways will also guide the visitors to exciting places in the forest. Notices should also be provided to tell visitors to only follow the pathways and not walk out of them.
-
Unauthorised hunting: this is a serious cause and must be controlled. All around the forest notice boards will say that unauthorised hunting is strictly banned. If anyone is caught hunting then they will be persecuted. This will affect the population of the animals and unbalance the food chain.
-
Unauthorised removal of plants: visitors should be warned not to remove any plants because they will be asked to leave the forest but if a great damage is caused then they will be persecuted.
-
Damage to trees breaking branches: if this isn’t stopped then meant trees will be damaged and die. Visitors must be warned that they will be persecuted if they break the rules. If branches are broken by a visitor he/she will be asked to leave and will be persecuted.
-
Animal grazing: there is not much that can’t be done about this. Animals of the forest will graze on different plants but they can’t be shot for it. People that bring their animals to graze in the forest will be banned.
-
Soil erosion: soil erosion is a serious matter of concern because if the soil is eroded then it will affect the growth of the plants. To prevent this we should plant grass on it. The grass will help as a layer so the soil won’t erode away.
-
Waste from pets: to prevent this problem, visitors should be told to collect the waste of their pets after they waste plastic bags will be provided in the forest for free.
-
Damage to stream/small river: all visitors should be told that it is not allowed to throw litter in the in the stream as it pollutes the water and kills the fish and other reptiles in the stream. Rubbish bins are provided for the litter to be thrown in.
-
Exhaust gases from cars: this is a serious cause of concern because pollution affects every organism in the ecosystem. Cars must not be allowed near the forest, a car park will be provided outside the forest. Pollution might not always come from the cars, it could also come from but also from other factories that might be near the forest, unfortunately there is nothing we can do about it.
THE NOTICE BORAD
All visitors are informed that all the rules listed below should be well complied.
You must:
- Not throw any litter on the floor or stream. Offenders will be charged with a penalty of £50.
- Only walk on the pathways. Offenders will not be charged but if they are caught more than once will be charged with a penalty of £50.
- Not smoke or light any kinds of fire without permission. Offenders will be charged with a penalty of £200.
- Keep your children attended at all times.
- Not remove or collect any plants that belong in the forest. Offenders will be charged with a penalty of £500.
- Keep your pets attended and on lead, aggressive pets like dogs should be worn facial masks.
- Hunt or collect any kind of animal in the forest. Offenders will be charged with a penalty of £1000.
- Not park your car anywhere but the car park. Offenders will be charged with a penalty of £500.
- Not climb up the trees or break any branches. Offenders will be charged with a penalty £200.
Every visitor that enters the forest must obey these rules. Every visitor that damages the forest will be persecuted. The policy doesn’t allow anyone to do any kind of unauthorised activities in the forest e.g. people that might want to go in the forest for picnic must first report the caretakers. There will be special places for picnics, where people can come and have fun.
Then after 6 months I would see if my plan has had any affect in the forest. I would look at all the factors that could have affected my ecosystem, the human activities and the physical factors. I would see if the visitors have been obeying all the rules of the forest or have been ignoring them. It would be easy to know because I would just look at the plants whether they’ve been removed and damaged, the grass if people have been walking on it instead of the pathways set etc. I would also look at the trees if the branches have been broken and damaged. But if everything were just like before then I would test annually for a couple of years, and then every two years.
If my plan didn’t work then I would have to produce another more appropriate plan.
Task 6
Evaluation
Visiting the Epping Forest gave me a better idea of how I should manage the woodland area. We visited the Epping Forest but unfortunately we did not manage to achieve all the tasks we set to. This was because there wasn’t enough time for us to accomplish all the tasks. We only managed to accomplish some simple tasks like measuring the height and girth of the trees, measure the vegetation using the quadrat, and identify the soil samples. These tasks were achieved in two different locations in the forest. I am not satisfied at all with what we did, because there is a lot that should have been done. We didn’t manage to accomplish the beating tray technique which is for counting and identifying the invertebrates. It is done by holding the tray under the tree and then shaking the tree; you count and identify the invertebrates that fall on the tray. Why is this necessary to do? Because you want to know what kind of species are present in your ecosystem whether they are useful or useless to be in the ecosystem. Because in the ecosystem there might be invertebrates present that damage the plants by destroying their leaves etc. So if they are harmful I might want to control them somehow. How? Biological control would more appropriate than chemical, but we should also bear in mind that those invertebrates might be controlled naturally by other animals such as birds. We also had to do the pitfall trap technique; this technique is for identifying the invertebrates of the soil layer. Why is this necessary to do? In the soil layer there might also be invertebrates and other small creatures which are harmful and useless for the ecosystem, such as rats, they are part of the ecosystem but their population shouldn’t be allowed to grow because they carry different diseases. We were supposed to do the Tulgren Funnel technique which is used for counting the number of invertebrates for the leaf layer. We also missed out the sweep net technique which is used for counting the number of animals of the Herbifield layer. We also didn’t do the search technique, which is used for searching the animals of the forest so you can record information about.
I am not entirely happy; we missed so much that was important for us to do. We also didn’t measure all the physical factors, which was a very important factor for us to do. Why? Because then I would be able to come up with a more suitable plan for the ecosystem. We only managed to measure a few factors because we didn’t have enough time to measure all the factors, which do influence the ecosystem in a big way. If we managed to measure all the factors it would be easier for me to design a management plan for that woodland area because then from the experience I would be able to do it better because I would know what is necessary, what needs to be looked at etc. However we only managed to measure the temperature using a thermometer, we also measured the light intensity using a quadrate, which is not accurate. To measure the light intensity with a quadrate you hold the quadrate up and then looking how many squares are covered with the shade of the leaves. Why is this factor necessary to measure? Because light is a key factor for photosynthesis even though some plants prefer dim light to carry out photosynthesis. We also managed to take the soil samples. We dig up the soil using the soil borer you take the samples of. Different layers of soil have different colours and are different types.
The rest of the factors we didn’t have time to accomplish. The physical factors that we couldn’t accomplish are:
-
Humidity: this is an important factor in the forest. Why? Because humidity is the water vapour in the air it helps for the germination of seeds while they are growing.
-
Wind speed and direction: wind speed and direction is important also. Why? Because if the wind is too strong then there is a chance that the some weak young plants will break and die. Wind also dries the plants out. How? The strong moving wind will remove the water from the plants blowing it out, if the winds last for too long then the plants will dehydrate and die because the wind will just keep removing the water from the plants.
-
Rainfall: is a factor which is very necessary to know about. Why? Because a lot of rainfall can actually damage the plants. How? Yes plants do need water to survive to and get support from it etc. but a lot of rainfall can kill the plants. Because if the plant cells are overloaded with water then they will not function properly and then die. Also a lot of rainfall can cause great damage by flooding the streams in the forest. Why? Because if the rivers are flooded then they will flood the forest killing many small creatures in the forest which are actually part of the ecosystem. How? Creatures such as invertebrates will immediately die and also mice and other small animals.
-
pH of soil: it is important to do and know about the pH of soil. It is the acidity of the soil. Generally plants thrive in neutral or slightly alkaline/acidic soils. The pH level should be at constant level average always. Why? Because the enzyme activity is dependant on optimum pH levels usually between 6-8. If the pH levels rise too high then there is great chance that the plants will die out.
These techniques couldn’t be completed and they are very important. If I had completed these tasks then I think I would have been able to produce a more suitable plan for the woodland area.
If I visited the Epping Forest one more time I would make sure I don’t leave the forest without accomplishing these tasks. These tasks are important because based on the results from these tasks I would gain more information about the forest and I would be able to know more about the present state of the Forest. To measure the physical factors listed above I would use advanced apparatus. I would use the new thermometers which are more accurate to measure the temperature. Why would I measure the temperature? Because temperature affects the plants mainly, if the temperature decreases too low then the plants won’t be able to carry out the process of photosynthesis and if it increasers too high then they will also not carry out photosynthesis. Plants prefer warm temperatures because photosynthesis occurs faster ; I would use the new high tech equipment to measure the humidity in the forest. I would measure the rainfall using the rain gauge; I would measure the light intensity with a light meter, because the quadrate method is not accurate. I would also measure the wind speed using anemometer and its direction using a weather vane. To measure the soil samples I add some water to the soil sample and then I would stick the pH sticker in the slurry.
If I was to do these tasks again I would do them in more than two different sites because it would give more accurate results I would probably find more species and I would gain more knowledge about the plants and animals present in the forest.
How site 1 varies from site 2
The two different locations that we collected data from vary from each other. In site one there is more trees than in site 2. Also the vegetation in site the vegetation varies between the two sites. In site 1 was mainly Leaf litter; there was also a lot of bare ground. There was a little a bit of Moss, Bracken and Water pepper. There was no Bramble and no Grass.
Site 2 was also mainly Leaf litter even though there wasn’t as much as in site 1. Then there also was a lot of bare ground like in site 2, and quiet a big amount of Grass. There was also a very little amount of Bramble and Water pepper. But there was no Moss and no Bracken. Also the soil was a bit different because in site 1 on the surface the soil colour was dark brown and it was soft, 15cm deep it was greyish and it was gritty, 30cm in the soil the colour was golden and the soil was gritty.
In site 2 the soil on the surface was dark brown as well but it was smooth soft.
Bibliography
During this assignment I have used a several books and websites to help me achieve my tasks. Books and the internet have been very helpful to me while writing the management plan giving me a lot of ideas. The websites that I have most visited are
and when I searched these websites they gave me information for all the tasks I needed. These websites are not ecological websites but search engines so I had to ask questions in order to get the answers I wanted. The sort of questions I asked were e.g. what is a shrub layer, what is humidity. And I got straight correct answers. The other website was . This website didn’t really have a lot of information of how you can manage a woodland area.
The books that I researched on were from the school library and my local library. All together I researched on 4 books because I felt that they were the types of books I needed.
1. Author: Collins field guide
Title: Insects of Britain and northern Europe (3rd edition)
Code: ISBN 0-00-129918-1
2. Author: Grange books
Title: Insects
Code: ISBN 1-84013-147-0
3. Author: Collins wild guide
Title: Insects
Code: ISBN 0-00-220134-8
4. Author: Svatopluk Bily
Title: Beetles
Code: ISBN 1-85051-387-2
These four helped me a lot and also I gained more knowledge about insects because before I had a little knowledge about the different types of invertebrates. During this assignment these books helped identify different types of invertebrates by looking at their features, books also informed of the damages they can cause to the environment and they can be controlled in the forest.