The difference in a mature skeleton system to an immature skeleton system is that a mature skeleton system has fewer bones this is because they have fused together. The bones are stronger and harder to break.
The effects of exercise on the growing skeleton are that the skeleton tissues become stronger. The bones are reinforced as the levels of stress from exercise increases. The cartilage thickens which protects the bones from wear and tear. The tendons thicken and a greater force.
Circulatory system
The circulatory system is a system of tubes that carries blood from the heart to cells all over the body. The blood supplies each of the 600 billion cells that make up the body with all the food and oxygen they need, and takes carbon dioxide and waste. Blood circulates continuously around and around the body through a series of tubes called blood vessels.
The circulatory system can be divided into three parts the heart, the blood vessels and the blood.
The heart
The heart is the main organ in the circulatory system and pumps blood around the body. The wall of the heart is made up of mostly muscle. The atria are the smaller upper chambers that receive blood coming back to the heart through the veins. The ventricles are the larger lower chambers. The left ventricle pumps blood high in oxygen through vessels called arteries and arterioles around the whole of the body. Blood that is low in oxygen returns to the right side of the heart though vein and venules. The valves make sure that the blood flows in the right direction, and can’t flow backwards.
The blood vessels
The blood vessels transport blood around the body. There are three main types of blood vessels, the arteries, veins and capillaries.
- The arteries have a thicker wall to cope with the much higher pressure in these vessels. It carries blood away from the heart. The arteries have no valves and substances from the blood cannot pass through the artery walls.
- The veins have valves to prevent backflow. It carries blood to the heart. The walls are thinner and substances cannot pass through the veins’ walls.
- The capillaries have a narrow thin walled vessel which is just one cell thick. It exchanges of substances between cells and blood only takes here. It also connects arteries to veins.
The blood
The blood is a fluid that transports food and oxygen to cells and removes waste products. There are 4 different types of blood the red blood cells, the white blood cell, the platelets and the plasma.
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The red blood cells are packed with haemoglobin, which transporting oxygen around the body and transports carbon dioxide away.
- The white blood cells help to defend the body against bacteria.
- The platelets help blood clot when a blood vessel has been damaged.
- The plasma transports a number of thing, they are:
- Carbon dioxide from the organs to the lungs.
- Glucose from the small intestine to the organs.
- Urea from the liver to the kidneys.
- Hormones.
- Water to and from different parts of the body.
The function of the circulatory system is to pump blood through blood vessels to the muscle and vital organ. The circulatory system must get oxygen to all of the tissues in the body and carry away wastes like carbon dioxide.
In the circulatory system the heart is placed slightly to the left underneath the sternum. The blood vessels are placed all over the body going to the vital organ where it transports the blood.
The difference in a mature muscular system to an immature muscular system is that an immature system has smaller heart.
The effects of exercise on the circulatory system are that it the heart pumps more blood per beat, its recovery rate becomes quicker, its resting heart rate becomes lower and the number of capillaries increases.
Muscular system
There are around 650 muscles in the human body, and they make up approximately half of our body weight. They can be divided into three different groups. They are the skeletal, smooth and cardiac.
- The cardiac muscles exist only in the heart. They are involuntary muscles.
- The smooth muscles are found in walls of hollow organs. They are voluntary muscles.
- The skeletal muscles produces movement, maintain posture, stabilises joint and generates heats. They are voluntary muscles.
Voluntary muscles are always slightly tensed which is called muscle tone. They contract to keep the body stabile when standing up and sitting down. Involuntary muscles contract and relax automatically, we can not control them.
There are two different types of exercise contraction. They are isotonic and isometric.
- Isotonic contractions are lifting exercises. The way it happens is that the muscles shorten as it contracts.
- Isometric contractions are attempting to lift an immoveable object. The way it happens is that the there is tension on the muscle but no movement is made causing the length of the muscle to remain the same.
The muscle pairs:
Agonist (prime mover)
- Biceps
- Deltoids
- Pectoralis Major
- Rectus Abdominis
- Iliopsoas
- Quadriceps
- Hip Adductor
- Tibialis anterior
Antagonist
Triceps
Latissimus dorsi
Trapezius/Rhomboids
Erector Spinae
Gluteus Maximus
Hamstrings
Gluteus Medius
Gastrocnemius
An agonist is a muscle that causes movement to occur.
An antagonist is a muscle that acts in opposition to the movement generated by the agonist.
The muscles do four major things which are, flexion, extension, abduction and adduction.
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Flexion is a muscle which bends a joint.
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Extension is a muscle which straightens a joint (opposite to flexion).
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n is a muscle which moves a body part away from the midline of the body
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Adduction is a muscle which moves a body part toward the midline of the body
The function of the muscular system is to help movement, for breathing and circulating blood.
- Movement – the muscles attach onto the bones for walking.
- Breathing - the muscles moves the diaphragm which is used for breathing
- Circulating blood - the muscles pump the heart which circulates the blood around the body.
Arrangement
The difference in a mature muscular system to an immature muscular system is that an immature system has smaller muscles that are not as strong, which means that an mature system can walk further than an immature system as it has more stamina and strength.
The effects of exercise on the muscular system are that it keeps the muscles strong and lean. In children exercise can help chronic pain in the future. Back and neck pains can be also prevented when you get older.
The respiratory system
The respiratory system is made up of the lungs, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli and trachea.
The trachea is where the respiratory system starts it connects the nose and mouth to the lungs, which is very important. It is made up of cartilage and ligaments, it’s lined with mucus membranes which add moisture to the air as it passes through the trachea, it is also lined with cilia that sweep mucus and small particles back up the airway. The trachea is located at the front of the neck. It begins at the lower part of the larynx and continues to the lungs, where it branches into the right and left bronchi.
There are two bronchi. The bronchi are small air passages, composed of hyaline cartilage, that extend from the trachea to the bronchioles. The bronchi are lined with mucous membranes that secrete mucus and cilia that sweep the mucus and particles up and out of the airways. The right bronchus goes to the right lung and the left bronchus goes to the left lung. Each bronchus divides further in the lungs into smaller tubes called bronchioles. At the end of each bronchiole, there is a group of tiny air sacs called alveoli.
The function of the respiratory system is to take air into and out of the lungs to allow oxygen to pass in to the blood and carbon dioxide to pass out of the blood.
Arrangement
The difference in a mature respiratory system to an immature respiratory system is that a mature system has bigger organ that an immature system.
The effects of exercise on the respiratory system are that it enables the diaphragm to take in and out greater volumes of air in a given time.
The nervous system
The Central Nervous System (CNS) is made up of the brain and the spinal cord. Its main purpose is to take in information sent from throughout the body and send out instructions. The brain is made up of three main sections: the forebrain, the midbrain, and the hindbrain. The brain looks after the body, its the control centre for all of the organs and body systems and it allows us to think, imagine, remember and allows us top have our 5 senses. The brain relays commands to other parts of the body by sending impulses through the spinal cord and the nerves around the body. The brain is constantly receiving information from the whole body at all times so it can react quickly to anything. When a message comes into the brain from anywhere in the body, the brain tells the body how to react. For example, if you accidentally touch a something hot, the nerves in your skin shoot a message of pain to your brain. The brain then sends a message back telling the muscles in your hand to pull away. The spinal cord is a long bundle of nerve tissue about 18 inches long in a mature human being and around 3/4 of an inch thick. It begins at the lower part of the brain and extends down the spine. It is located just inside the backbone where it is protected against damage by the hard bone structure called the Vertebrae. It has inside a large bundle of nerves, all travelling to different parts in the body and it branches out into smaller nerves in several points on the spinal cord. The nerves range from being an inch thick to ones the size of a human hair and are made of nerve cells called neurons which transport information to and from the brain. The nerves around the body are all grouped together to be called the peripheral nervous system.
The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) works the exchange of neurons which are electrical impulses that are a form of messages in which the organs communicate with the central nervous system. The picture shows the nervous system as a large complicated communication system looks similar to a telephone exchange. Neurons repair abilities are limited. Unlike other body tissues, nerve cells cannot also be repaired if damaged due to injury or disease.
The function of the nervous system is to relay information through the nerves in the body, to and from the brain and the spinal cord. It may mean the transport of a voluntary action (ones you choose to do) or involuntary (such as reflexes)
Arrangements
The difference in a mature nervous system to an immature nervous system is that an immature brain has not yet developed properly and cannot send too many messages at one time like a mature brain can.
Effects
The energy systems
Humans need energy to survive. It is used to allow us to breathe, move, pump blood in addition to all the things we do in our daily lives. We aquire energy through the food that we eat, and the amount in a particular piece of food is called the number of calories. Food has three building blocks, Carbs (4cp/g), Protein (4cp/g) and Fat (9cp/g) cp/g stands for calories per gram. Our bodies 'burn' the calories in food though metabolic processes by which enzhymes transform the 3 building blocks of food into these useful ones.
Carbohydrates: glucose and other sugars
Proteins: amino acids
Fat: glycerol and fatty acids
The after effects are then transported through the bloodstream to the bodily cells, where they are either absorbed for to use immediatly or sent on to the final stage of metabolism where they are reacted with oxygen to release their stored energy. Age, height and weight and lots of other factors decide just how much each individual needs in a day. your BMR (the basic amount of energy required to operate the body, regulate temperature, keep the heart beating and the lungs functioning.), physical activity and the thermic effect of food are the three things the energy is used for. For every 3500 calories that are eaten, it is stored as 1pound of fat, fat is the storage of energy which can be used when it is needed, so the opposite occurs when not enough is eaten, the same amount is converted into energy to be used by the body.
