Infancy (0-3 years)
Infants develop rapidly during the first three years; they are born with a number of physical reflexes. One reflex is the root reflex which is when the baby turns its head in the direction of the head, enabling it to find the nipple of its mother’s breast to get fed. The second reflex is startle reflex this is when a baby throws out its arms and leg to a sudden noise made. The walking reflex is when a baby is held with its feet touching the ground and its legs will make move to the direction as if they were walking. Another is the grasp reflex this is when a baby will grasp onto an object placed in the hand and hold it tightly.
Infants learn to control their muscles and movements which are mainly in the legs and arms which are gross motor skills. These may include an infant whose six to eight month start to crawl and they may sit alone on a sofa with great balance. Within 2 years old a baby can kick a ball.
Language development is also starting to develop at this age they make the ability to understand. It develops throughout they’re physical development this may be getting excited making noises and opening up their voices, by the end of one month the infant may start to babble and words may start to sound like this’ mamma’ or ‘dada’ .
According to Piaget, language development is related to cognitive development, that is, the development of the child’s determines when the child can learn to speak and what the child can say. For example, before a child can say, “This car is bigger than that one”, she/he must have developed the ability to judge differences in size.
Attachment is starts from conception it’s shown when there’s an emotional bond between a baby and its career (mother or nursery assistant).An infant will take slowly to develop attachment towards a person so for example children under six months will not have formed a strong attachment with the career and they will unlikely show signs of distress. Months 6 to 3 years children will cope with separation as long they are provided with good care (something to play with) and they show signs of distress when they leave their career.
It is believed that John Bowlby who looked upon attachment said that children needed to have a strong relationship with its career (mother, father or someone who’s in care for help) he also believed that children who had been separated from their parents are more like to suffer physiological problems later on in life.
Children who are securely attached to their mother or caregiver become upset if left alone. This can lead them to cry and be upset however they would always receive comfort from the caregiver.
Parents who have a strong attachment tend to have a long-term relationship, they have the trust and also seek help from people. Mary Ainsworth said that’ a lack of quality attachment affects relationship later in life.
Childhood (4-9 years)
Children growth physically has slowed down a bit compared to infancy. Gross motor skills develop and use muscles widely for e.g. running, hopping or running.
Social and emotionally children started to feel more open and are aware of thing, they start making understanding relations for e.g. making friends. The language development: children start speaking more fluently they develop the ability to use grammar and vocabulary will continue to improve. The social development during childhood is when responding to a person which is trying to socialize with them. They might be influenced by role models so they will be tried to act like a certain person or copy them. They get close to family and friends who might consider them throwing a lot of questions at them, and dressing or talking likes their friends. Intellectually children would know simple questions such as counting to ten, or saying first and last names. They also would think logically and develop the ability to understand. They understand that other people hold feelings and have their own opinions.
Adolescence (10-18years)
Puberty is when there is a human development of physical growth and maturation occurs. The physical development of a female develops the age of 11 to 13 girls usually grow body hair, periods start, breast develop, gain weight and shape of body changes. Males start puberty later this is often between 13 to 15 years, the gain weight, grow body hair, penis and testicles develop also the voice breaks.
Emotionally hormones may be out of balance and this can lead to mood swings or aggressive behavior. Also peer pressure can be something common lack of confidence and low esteem can be a problem at this age.
Socially they become independent of their families and more dependent on their peer group. They explore and experience man things for example having relationships and sexual behavior with others.
Intellectually the learn more about themselves example going through puberty and also learn various thing which can be driving, going to school or college and making decisions about their career. Secondary socialisation starts outside the home and the family, for e.g. at school. The development of ways of thinking and behaving, which in turn help shape self-concept and build self-confidence and self-esteem. Also Secondary socialisation continues throughout life, causing people’s values, beliefs and behaviours to change as they mature and grow older. This is when you’re learning at outside the home and is the way we behave to specific certain situations or purposes. For example at school they require very different behaviour from the home, also rules are set at school which children will need to follow this also implies to teachers so they are aware of the way children should act and behave.
The language development in adolescence there’s more understanding and acknowledgement about certain topics they talk about. There’s more depth and there’s a developed career option in the future. They use a wider range of vocabulary and
Adulthood 19-65
Adulthood is when you’re fully grown and also fully developed also you having overcome maturity. Physically development in adults ages 18 and 28 have a high-energy levels they become active and aware of certain aspects about health in the upcoming years. As people enter their 40s eyesight may start to deteriorate, skin loses elasticity so wrinkles appear and also woman stop having their period the age of 45 and reach menopause. Intellectually some adulthood will have finished college and university and consider themselves having a job and live independently. Keeping busy and motivated could also be in an adulthood life for example reading newspaper to keep them updated about the world, watching TV or going to the gym to stay fit and healthy for the future. Emotionally some adults will have relationships (married) and this can affect them because they have the responsibility to look after one another and will be courage by family to do various things.
Also at this stage adults will be socializing more and feeling more comfortable with people around them for example going to the pub to socialize.
Menopause is the last stage of a woman mistral cycle. A woman’s period do not usually stop suddenly, some just get missed frequently (Class work 2010) the physical symptom which may occur is hot sweats which may cause the woman fell very hot during the day and they may need a fan or open windows to keep them cool, night sweats could be when the woman wakes up several times at night because she’s feeling humid this may drench your bedding but also put disturb the sleep of your partner, dry vagina is when the skin losses moisture but also this will make it difficult and loose interest for the woman to have sexual intercourse because of the decrease in hormones and also sleep problems may be vary due to not going sleep or feeling uncomfortable. Emotionally this will affect the woman with menopause because she will be having mood swings which can include depression and irradiation. Also a woman aged around late 40s will be pressurized by family who are needed to be looked after; going to work will be difficult because the woman may start having the symptoms which can become annoying whilst working.
However the positive affect on this may be that some woman's may enjoy sex more after the menopause because they will be free-minded about not getting pregnant and this could increase there self confidence. Hormone Replace Treatment can help you with the treatment of menopause. Some woman’s may be in serious pain where they will be consulted to their GP; the GP will provide some information on the symptoms but also give medicines.
Older Adulthood
Physical development in an older adulthood occurs when the skin becomes thinner and less elastic, bones become weak and more likely to break, hearing and sight deteriorate, and muscles become weaker which may lead to an older adulthood not able to do active things. Intellectually older adulthoods will need help whilst gaining skills or doing something active and they may forget thinks quickly due to the age. Emotionally older adulthood have many health problems which might leave them in pain most of the time. Some old adults may be stereotyped in care setting which can affect their self esteem and confidence. The death of their partner or family member can leave older people feeling emotionally isolated. Retirement can affect them as they don’t have anything to do and are feeling depressed and unmotivated.
Socially older adults may be put in a care home where they interact with people and make new friends however some may be left alone due to health problems and impairments.
M1:
The physiologists talked about whether every person was brought up by their hereditary or the environment and people around them. This then was known by the nature and nature debate. Nature is based on our genetics, biological influences but also maturation so people have different characteristics from their parents however nurture is based upon the environment, parents, peers and economic influences.
Biological programming is when genetic makeup has inherited from the biological parents. We receive genes from our both parents these genes are made up of amino acids which turns into a protein and that perform a function in the cell. This then shows that every genetic influence which we have is the eye colour, hair colour, and skin colour.
However our height and weight depends on environmental influences we might of not had enough nutrition when we was young which might of affected us to grow but you may debate that this also cold be genetic because your parents are not that tall. Genes are not always dependent on our behaviour or characteristics but it’s not certain that we inherited these qualities. And our environmental (nurture) can make a decision for us at that time.
Maturation is the development you progress when starting from a child, however behaviour will not be present at birth will lead on the way you develop through the process of maturation and this makes up the individual. For example, drinking alcohol is can be in the genes, so a person can be more open to it if dinking alcohol runs in the family. But also, a person can get it from their environment, which they hang out with and socialize with.
Some things are natural the ability to speak will progress throughout childhood and adolescence and it also will show an impact on your behaviour.
From my point of view I think that nurture and nature play a big role on which you are .Our genes makeup the individual people we are however our environment (nurture) too contributes to making up the person we are. Also they can interact with each other to make something work or to make up a person.
D1:
As we grow the nature and nurture development of an individual is continuously developing physically. Nature is effected on the individual because they physical appearance is determined by genetics, the chromosome from our parents come together to create an individual gene. The gene determines height, weight, skin colour and hair colour.
Nature effects physically we get our genes from our parents so most of our looks are based upon our parent’s. Sometimes even though you have inherited these looks from your parents there are always some who don’t like the way they look and may be treated differently to one another. This may affect you self esteem because you are being stereotyped the way you look. Even though you might not be born with any illnesses but there might be a risk in the future so if you have an family history illnesses of diabetes will need to be careful even though it passed along who will need to be careful of what you eat, exercise and live your life.
Emotionally family can influence you the way you live this might be in a positive aspect where the person is overwhelmed and receiving the right care however if it’s in a negative aspect the person might be abused which might make them feel scared and frightened.
Socially you might stay with a certain group who have is who have the same social background for e.g. Goths might listen to rock music, and their styles of how they dress might be different however this might affect you by their nature but also environmental influence is interacted. In the society this could affect your self confidence and lower self esteem because you have developed your own interest in things which people dislike. Socially you be a shy person who don’t like expressing things on your mind, this could include things like family problems This shows that nature has its positive and negative sides sometimes nature can affect you in a way which you might be considered to different to other people but also it shows that every individual have there own nature which is presented in a different way.
Nurture is physically effect on individuals physically through nutrition of how the parent is looking after the child and if it’s receiving nutriention maintaining health. A person can get influenced by the environment quickly he/she can be pressurized to do certain thing for e.g. smoking. If the mother is smoking the child will get an impression that smoking is a good thing and he/she will follow their parent’s steps.
Socially nurture can have an influence on a person because the media (TV or films) shows celebrities which can affect a person of changing they might want to be the celebrity so the behaviour is therefore learned. This therefore this shows the environment can influence us and makes us to behave in a different manner. It also involves the growth of people’s relationships with others the social skills they develop and use in relating to others, the way in which they learn their culture or the way of life and the society they live in.
Emotionally nurture affects people how they treat each other, the mother maybe violent and aggressive this shows that the child will feel insecure and may be tortured. Or the child may be left alone and abandoned this may lead them into doing something harmful to their self for e.g. suicide. Emotions are feeling for e.g. love happiness and anger so it involves growth of feeling août awareness of self, growth of feeling towards other people and development of self image and identity. Sometimes people might not want to express motion especially men they might find it embarrassing in front from people, this is because they want to be known by their manhood his could be another reason, nurture does come out to be something which is led and followed by the society.
Intellectually people learn differently some will learn by seeing and doing something and children who are born in same family and learning environment can learn at different rates and in different ways.
You might argue that a nature and nurture have their own concept of how a development of a person is brought up this however they end up working together. Sometimes there is also a sense that environmental issues can input things which are nurture; they sometimes can hurt us or even help us in a way this shows that genes cannot also predict or control.
2)
Cardiovascular System
The cardiovascular system consists in heart, blood vessel and blood. The function of the cardiovascular system is to maintain oxygen in the body and to transport nutrients wherever it’s needed.
The condition which may occur within the cardiovascular system due to the ageing process is atherosclerosis. Arthrosclerosis is when high blood pressure is at risk and if it’s not dealt in a manner it can lead to having a heart attack. This is caused by your arteries beginning to get harder and narrower and fatty deposits building up after causing blockage. Blockages are mainly in the coronary arteries where the person feels dreadful chest pains this could be fatal which causing part of the heart to die and experiencing an heart attack.
Respiratory System
The respiratory system consists of the nose, larynx, bronchi, and lungs. The function of the respiratory system is to maintain the body’s oxygen and to eliminate the waste products carbon dioxide. The condition which may occur within the respiratory system is emphysema. In emphysema, the ting air sacs in the lungs which are called the alveoli become enlarged. It causes the person breathlessness when the body cart get enough oxygen but is taking in more carbon dioxide, serious coughing and can you can stop breathing which can result heart failure. This is mainly because of years of smoking and a reduce amount of oxygen reaching all the body cells.
Nervous System
The nervous system consists of the central nervous system (CNS) which is made up of the brain, spinal cod and sensory neurones. As you get older you start to loose the breakdown of nerves affects senses. Nerve cells start to receive messages slower than the past but also some slow in though, thinking or memory this normal to ageing.
The condition which may occur in the nervous system is loss of hearing and seeing. Vision in older people becomes weaker they have difficulty in seeing which can lead them having problems to do various things e.g. walking, reading, recognising people and maybe driving. A cataract is the cloudiness of the lens this is very common in old people and can deteriorate and become very poor at sight. Some old people have diabetes this can also affect the cataract is leads to redness in the eye.
Hearing difficulties is in most old people it is usually when they have a problem listening to high pitched sounds. The loss of nerve cells can reduce the hearing because of the responding is slower. Sometimes the inner ear could be caused by infections, wax, fluid blockages or even injury to the eardrum.
Musculo-sketal System
The Musculosketal system consists of the muscles, bones, tendons, joints and cartilage. The function of the Musculo-sketal symptoms is to enable movement, support and protect of the body. As the body gets old the muscles start to get weaker and are fragile and are likely to break easily.
The condition which may occur in the Musculo-sketal system which may occur in the nervous system is osteoporosis this is known of the weakness and thinness of the bone. It also is when bone is worn-out and usually being female and postmenopausal (through menopause-in and out).Pain in joints causes problems in mobility. Lack of exercise and a poor diet could also be risk aside from aging.
Skin
The skin has several important functions is to protect against physical injury, also from UV light, sensory organ and to temperature regulations of the body. At old age the skin losses elasticity, becomes dull and wrinkly due to the process of ageing. It also can be damaged due to several causes. One of these causes could be ultraviolent rays which can contain strong sunlight giving the skin sunburns. Redness on the body occurs when having sunburn however this depends on the skin. If you are fair skin it is more likely to get hit by UV rays because you don’t have enough melanin. People with naturally dark-skinned already have melanin so they are able to spend a longer time in the sun before burning. The skin can be affected by stress, smoking, lack of sleep and lack of water in the diet. Also has you get old the skin gets saggy and dryness occurs because the skin looses oil glands this may be the result of rough and ichtiness skin.
Menopause
Menopause is the control of hormones. Menopause normally occurs in the late 40s and 50s. The physical symptoms are hot sweats, night sweats and sleep vagina. This can be very irritating and also affect the low self esteem because you will loose yourself doing things example going to work. You maybe worry at times because it comes and goes. Whilst going in menopause you will be depressed and this can affect your family as well as you. The condition which you already have or will occur can be osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is a disorder which mainly affects your bones which makes the weaker and fragile and increases the chance in fractures in spine or hip which are common; it looses mineral density in bones. If fractured, can be very painful and might takeover your active life.
P5.
The physiological changes due to the ageing process could be living alone and getting isolated, depressed and frustrated this might reduce their self esteem and self confidence. Illness, sight loss and loss in mobility may be difficult to carry out everyday activities. You might be not able to go out or maintain independent anymore because care is provided also because of weak bones you will not able to take part in social activities.
Hearing loss can have an impact on relationships because it’s important to listen but also speaking will be difficult because you won’t know what to respond to. Lack of communication can have a lack of confidence and self esteem and people become lonely and isolated.
Also when ageing starts to progress the physical appearance can affect the people self confidence and self esteem.
M3:
An aging person may feel week and left out he /she may feel left out or ignored .If no one talks to them it will decrease communicating with them which will affect their self confidence.
Illness can affect on self confidence in doing certain activities such as gardening however some might be still healthy and fit which may consume them doing active activities. Sometime people can judge old people saying that they’re useless and only carry disease so stay away from them this might lead them thinking that they are not respected and might be isolated from everyone.
The loss of a partner an affect the old persons self esteem and self confidence because they will loose the fact they don’t have a companion and bereavement may cause depression but also memories which can be emotional for the old aged.
However shops for the elderly like age-concern can give you advice and support which can pull up the person confidence and esteem. You will find that you won’t able to do things quicker as you used to this maybe due to fragile bones.
When you’re young you are also concerned about the looks as you want to impress people and this shows the increase in you’re self esteem however when you start to get old you get wrinkles and saggy skin however you try to recapture you’re looks.
Depression not only prevents older people enjoying life but also its gives the frustration of their health.
Elderly people aged 65 should have a secured living as they receive pension. However some elderly with illnesses will stay in poverty this might be pressuring and stressing because they will need to pay the bills this might consider them going to care homes or asking advice from age concern.
References
Most definitions and notes are taken from Health and social care level 3 – Stretch B and Whitehouse M