Biological
Biological difficulties can also be responsible for a change in development but unlike genetic problems which are obtained at birth these issues can occur at any point during the human life cycle. A few examples of biological issues are; Foetal Alcohol Syndrome, Rubella, Cytomegalovirus, Hepatitis, HIV/AID’s and STI’s. Rubella is a viral disease that is transmitted through the air and can take up to a week before common symptoms appear although the host can still spread the disease during this period. Symptoms range from a fever or a headache to inflammation of the eyes and muscular pain. This disease is commonly harmless although if a pregnant woman becomes infected with the disease the foetus can suffer from birth defects leading to physical development issues or the mother could miscarry.
Environmental
Environmental changes unlike the Biological and Genetic perspectives is based on the exposure to exterior effects that are incurred from sources such as; Air Quality and Pollution, Water Quality, Sanitation Levels and the availability of other services such as Leisure Activities. Air quality, particularly the presence of tobacco smoke, can have an adverse effect on Pregnancy and the unborn child. Even second-hand Smoke that is present in the mother's bloodstream can alter the heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen supply, and acid balance of the unborn child. Due to the lack of oxygen available during the development of the foetus intellectual development can be slowed.
Socio-economic
Socio-economic is the first perspective that focuses on the social structure and the relationships the individual has with other people such as Family. The Socio-economic also attempts to identify the maximum obtainable level of development through methods such as; Education, Social Class, Housing, Employment and culture. Most individuals from low social classes live in poor living conditions and follow a sub-standard diet consisting of cheap food which is pact with artificial ingredients, fats and salt which can easily result in poor health. Without proper nutritional support the individual could easily suffer from slowed physical development due to the lack of nutrition. Social class can also impact social development as individuals from lower class will be scrutinised by the higher class and may not have the same educational and leisure opportunities.
Lifestyle
The lifestyle perspective is closely related to the Socio-economic perspective and the environmental perspective as it identifies that development is down to the choices that the individual makes in regard to education, the use of leisure activities and exercise and the intake of toxins such as smoking and taking drugs. Drugs can have a large impact on a person’s emotional development due to the strong relationship the individual can build over a long term. This psychological dependence can pre-occupy an individuals mind and can lead to other issues such as malnutrition from failing to eat to neglect of dependants. Over time the individual is unable to feel happy without the drug as the brain is used to different dopamine levels which are in some cases naturally unobtainable. This can leave the person more susceptible to emotional traumas and depression.
References for this part
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002541/
Potential influences that predictable and unpredictable major life events can have on the development of an individual
