HC01 - Revision of ALL sections

AS and A Level Healthcare

Life Quality Factors

Psychological

Social contact – having opportunities to be with other people

Confidentiality – preventing personal information from being made public unnecessarily

Occupation – having something interesting or worthwhile to do

Psychological security – the absence of fear or distressing anxiety

Approval – showing positive regard

Dignity – providing people with respect and the absence of demeaning treatment that could reduce self-esteem

Equitable treatment – Not the same treatment as others but fair

Effective Communication – enables people to access information they need and influence those around them

Social Support – opportunities to be with familiar and trusted people who act in the person’s own interest

Choice – having opportunities to make decisions about your situation

Autonomy – having effective control over your actions and being free form coercion

Privacy – undisturbed or unobserved in situations that may prove embarrassing

Stimulation – having activities to do that increase the persons arousal to a comfortable level

Physical

Exercise – Feel better and long-term health benefits

Nutrition – balanced diet to remain healthy especially if they have a condition

Physical comfort – absence of excessive cold, heat or unpleasant stimulation

Physical safety and hygiene – the absence of serious risk to injury and the absence of serious risk of infection

Freedom from pain – frequent or serious pain can reduce the quality of life

Conflicting Factors

A situation that provides one LQF reduces another. Plenty of choice over food may reduce nutrition. Therefore conflicting factors must be balanced in terms of benefits and risks.

Individual Differences

People differ in their values of LQF. Some people are happy without certain factors and some want them more than others.

Treating people well

Ethical: A carer has a duty to care for the clients

Practical: Treating people well makes them behave better

Neglect – Ignoring or failing to attend to a person’s needs

Rejection – Showing you do not accept responsibility

Hostile – Expressing dislike or aggression

Punishment – Responding to a client’s unwanted actions with unpleasant consequences

Bullying – Verbal or non-verbal abuse designed to be unpleasant

Violence – Physically hurting a client

Unfair discrimination – Acting differently towards certain people or groups of people.

Barriers to treating people well

Attitudes & Prejudices –

A long lasting set of beliefs, feelings and behaviour tendencies towards an individual group or object. These attitudes shape the way people think and perceive the world.
Prejudices are negative attitudes that are generally disapproved or socially unacceptable.

Stereotyping – oversimplified generalisation of a group of people that are culturally acquired.

Lack of Motivation – Having few reasons to treat people well, can be caused by underpaid, never paid constantly criticised.

Conformity with inappropriate workplace norms – A norm is a behaviour or belief shared by most members of a group. Inappropriate ...

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Attitudes & Prejudices –

A long lasting set of beliefs, feelings and behaviour tendencies towards an individual group or object. These attitudes shape the way people think and perceive the world.
Prejudices are negative attitudes that are generally disapproved or socially unacceptable.

Stereotyping – oversimplified generalisation of a group of people that are culturally acquired.

Lack of Motivation – Having few reasons to treat people well, can be caused by underpaid, never paid constantly criticised.

Conformity with inappropriate workplace norms – A norm is a behaviour or belief shared by most members of a group. Inappropriate ones can have dangerous consequences.

Preoccupation with own needs and lack of skills – Mainly inexperienced care workers are affected.

Lack of status and power – Influenced by occupation, abilities and wealth. It commands less respect and gives less influence.

Tendency to conceal real needs and concerns – often approach with presenting problem. Causes poor treatment of practioner fails to notice.

Tendency to exaggerate real needs and concerns – seek attention or feel need to manipulate to gain proper treatment through exaggerating.

Hostile or obstructive behaviour – To show resentment or dislike in an over assertive way and fail to cooperate or deliberately make it difficult for care workers.

Caring skills and techniques

Observation – Collecting information about clients by collection measurements

Social Perception – being aware of people’s likely needs, feelings and intentions

Modelling – observing and imitating another persons behaviour

Working alongside – By doing what they’re doing or working on an activity to encourage them to join in

Using eye contact and facial expression – Signals being listened to, taken seriously, support speech and expression for positive response

Communication – Talking and listening to someone through non / verbal means

Setting challenges – Suggesting tasks or activities to clients that will stimulate them and possible improve their abilities, skills or confidence

Encouraging adaptive behaviours – rewarding behaviour that increases a clients well-being

Showing approval – Giving positive responses to the behaviour of a client

Physical contact - comfort a client who is anxious or upset & show approval

Creating trust – acting in a way that the client judges carer to be reliable

Gaining Compliance – getting the client to do what is required

Distraction – focusing clients attention away from something negative

Reducing negative feelings and behaviours – Clients who feel negative feelings or act in negative ways can be reduced by responding to the client

Disengagement – temporarily withdrawing from contact with a client

Services and how they’re accessed

GP’s work in GP practices and health centres
Locals have to book before visiting & in emergencies clients can be seen at home
Each practice keeps records of patients and allocated a GP
A visit is called a consultation and they diagnose any illness and sometimes delay after further tests have been carried out
May receive prescription and then take it to a pharmacist who gives medication
Might not receive treatment and self-help is more effective e.g. painkillers
If uncertain or serious diagnosis is made a referral to a specialist occurs
Access is gained through self-referral at their registered GP

A&E

24/7 for people involved in accidents or seriously ill suddenly

Taken by ambulance after 999 or self referral
Assessed by triage nurse for seriousness of condition
Priority list based on severity
Waiting up to 4 hours (Friday & Saturday night)
Diagnosed and treated
Discharged or admitted

Day Surgery

Does not require a stay in hospital and leads to much faster recovery and less chance of infection
Endoscopy – tube with light and camera no need for opening abdomen
Keyhole surgery is an endoscopy with instruments attached e.g. removal of diseased gall bladder
Access through hospital consultant usually the surgeon who performs it

Community Nursing

Qualified nurses based in GP or health centres
Visit patients in own homes
Services such as injections, dressings and monitoring health
Often for the ill or disabled (especially old people) who do not require hospital care
Often people who have been discharged from inpatient
Access by professional referral – GP, social worker after assessment

Health Visitor

Trained nurse whose main role is in health education
Visits people in their own homes and specialises in prevention of illness
Visit families with young kids and does screening tests to compare against norm for development e.g. screening, general, gross and fine motor
Provide parents with info on development and how they can help
Access by professional referral, usually after birth

NHS Direct

For minor symptoms unsure for GP or A&E
Set up to reduce serious illness undetected and waist of GP’s time
Answered by nurses 24/7 to give info and advice on self treatment, A&E or GP
Access by self-referral through Internet or phone

Informal care

Provided by unpaid and usually unqualified and unrewarded. Often family members, neighbours or friends. Can range from social contact and stimulation to feeding bathing and toileting e.g. old relative or child
Done to maintain well being of person, encouraged by culture or feel duty
Access based on willingness and availability of people

Day Nursery

0-4
Private, community, LEA
Education + play + care
Part or Full time

Inspected regularly
Work hours
Open most days
Structured learning
Several carers
Hours not flexible
Cost
Waiting lists
Distance

Crèche

Day nursery within work
Hours work is run
Within easy access
Not always offered

Playgroup

3-4
LEA funded
2 ½ - 4 hours
Play + care

Children own age
Social contact + stimulation
Short hours
Not all qualified

Nursery School

3-4
Early years curriculum
LEA funded

Inspected
Starter for school
Free
Children same age
Fixed hours
Catchment area
Waiting list
Adult: child ratio high

Elderly Needs assessment

Social workers during home visit
Assess living conditions and personal capabilities
Results in recommendations e.g. domiciliary, community, day centre, residential
Accessed by self referral through social services or professional following hospital

Domiciliary care

Care provided in own home to be independent as long as possible
Provide physical and psychological LQF’s

Day Centre

Full day once or twice a week
Sometimes transport is provided
Activities + physical & psychological LQF’s
1+ trained nurse and monitor health
Access by self-request
Recommendation from practioner e.g. social worker

Residential

Long-term stay for those unable to live in own homes regardless of extra help
Often own bedroom and bathroom
Meals + cleaning + social rooms
Personal care + outside services e.g. chiropractor, GP, hairdresser etc.
HCA’s and nurses all qualified
Provide medication needed
Room enabled with call alarm and can decorate
Some non-profit, Local funded, private profit
Nursing homes more general health problems so higher proportion of carers and higher cost
Fee paying by directly contacting home
LA funded by needs assessment by social worker

Statementing

Referral to SENCO or educational psychologist by school / parent
Needs assessment
Statement provided allows access to special schools and mainstream support

Special Schools

Child focused e.g. how to care for themselves over education
Small children = less opportunities e.g. A level options
High staff: child ratio
Specially equipped e.g. sensory room, wheelchair access
Very few so often residential

Mainstream

Extra support within lessons e.g. classroom assistant, sitting at front of class
Access by recommendation of SENCO or following statementing

Barriers to Access

Inadequate resources

Lack of funding, staff and equipment can result in long delays
Overcome by increasing tax either locally or government. Council tax local and taxing by government on alcohol, petrol etc.
However increased funding doesn’t always work. Allows more people to be hired, but may not be enough staff to hire. Increase this by increasing salaries and training places

Ignorance

Some clients may be unaware of services or how to access them
Overcome by education and advertisements

Physical

Aware of services but unable to reach them
Overcome by voluntary services
Drop in centres for problems with time
Home visits

Communication

Do not speak the same language; client is deaf or unable to talk
Overcome by brail
Multi language
Translators
Sign language

Rights and Responsibilities

Rights:

Universal care based on needs not ability to pay
Comprehensive range of services
Respect confidential info and access to info about services and treatment
Right to decline and accept treatment
Keep people healthy and prevent inequalities
Respond to different needs of different populations
Shape services around persons needs, preferences carers and family
Work with other services to provide seamless care
Public funds devoted solely to NHS patients
NHS support and value staff

Responsibilities:

Look after own health
Given blood and carry donor card / special needs bracelet
Listen carefully to advice on treatment and medication and let them know of current medication
Care for yourself where appropriate
Keep appointment and cancel as soon as possible
Return any unused equipment
Treat patients and staff with respect
Pay medication costs promptly