The natural immune system The immune system is also known as being an ‘active natural immunity’; this means that the immune system is a natural immune system. However an active natural immune system is immunity which only occurs when a foreign invader is present in the body, and due to the exposure of these foreign invaders on the surface of the lymphocytes the lymphocytes become activated. This is when this immunity is activated and because of this the immune system is known as a natural immune system.
The immune system response The natural immune system works through a serious of steps which is called the immune response. An immune response is the body’s response to a pathogen or a foreign invader this is usually a very defensive reaction and causes swelling and inflammation, this reaction takes place in order to stop the foreign invader from harming the body. This response occurs when a ‘phagocyte’ which is a white huge blood cell increases the immune defences. A Phagocyte is a biological cell which invades micro organisms and other cells which may be harmful to the body, this is done thorough a special process called phagocytes. Macrophages also perform the same functions they also invade dead cells and other foreign organisms and then engulf them and act like scavengers.
Immune system
Most of the immune systems are white blood cells, called Leukocytes. Leukocytes are white blood cells which are a part of this defense which invades and destroys substances and infectious organisms that cause disease. The immune system defends the body from antigens which are substances that aren’t recognized by the body’s memory cells so in result of that an antigen would be described as foreign cells. Memory cells are special cells which are produced by the B lymphocytes, also known as a ‘B cell’. However when a B cell is activated due to the exposure of an antigen on its surface, it starts to form antibodies which then produce plasma cells and memory cells.The memory cells act as scavengers towards all the foreign cells, a memory cell is produced to retains the characteristics of a specific pathogen which enters the body, the description of this particular pathogen then remains in its memory till another one comes along, and also produces antibodies faster, however it prepares itself till the next one comes along, it then recognises it and invades it.
Aantibodies are a type of protein in other words a molecule formed by memory cells, its function is to recognise and engulf all the foreign antigens and destroy it before it leaves toxin in the body. On the other hand plasma cells are a class of antibodies which are specifically there to produce cells however there are also a clear liquid in the blood but unlike the lymph it carries red blood cells.
B lymphocytes are formed to specifically engulf and bind antigens for instance bacteria’s and viruses.However B cells belong to a white blood cell known as the lymphocytes, the are designed specifically for a certain antigen so it can bind to a particular molecular structure. B-cells play a major role in the immune system as well as the T-cells. The most important purpose of it is to make specific antibodies directed at particular antigens. T-cells are also known as T-lymphocytes which are white blood cells, T cells also belong to lymphocytes, they are to protect the body from infection and diseases, and the most important function of the T-cell is to guard the body against infections.
Lymphocytes are divided into two vital divisions which are T-cells and B-cells, Lymphocytes are a clear liquid that carries only the white blood cells around the body it is very similar to Plasma cells. The lymph flows through all parts of the body picking up the fluid around cells and carrying it back to large veins near the heart. The lymph also carries the white blood cells to the other areas in the body which may need it.
However some bacteria and viruses which enter the body are then collected by the lymph and then filtered out by the lymph nodes which are also known as ‘glands’. This is why when you go to the doctor they check the lymph nodes in your neck and under your arms if they are swollen, this is so they can check if you have an infection. On the other hand doctors can check whether lymph nodes are working is when the neck or underarms are swollen.
The human body's non specific defence
The skin as an organ of defense _ In the immune system the skin is the first line of defense, another term for the skin is the integument. The skin is the largest organ of the body and it is also the great importance in the defence of the body, the skin contains glands which are also known as sebaceous glands. Just like your skin acts as a barrier to germs this is how the thick mucus membranes act which line your mouth, throat, lungs and bowel .Your nose, mouth and eyes are the next point of which the bacteria may attack you, this is why there is mucus that is made in the nose, throat and lungs that traps the bacteria, viruses and dust, which you may breathe in. The saliva in your mouth and the tears in your eyes have special enzymes which break down the cell walls of many bacteria and viruses, this is how the mouth and eyes act as an defence for the immune system.There is acid in your stomach that kills most of the germs you may take in with your food, and then the stomach starts to digest the food. There is a thick layer of mucus around the stomach to stop the stomach from letting the acid digesting itself.
Vaccination and Immunization
Immunisation is a vaccination which helps people improve their immunity to the immune system and stop the body from getting developing particular diseases and to protect people against serious illnesses. There are many types of vaccines for many different diseases, a vaccine is an injection given to the body to build up immunity and make the person less vulnerable to pathogenic diseases. The effect immunisation has on the body is that once the body is immunised it is more capable to fight the foreign invaders which get into the body. Immunisation programmes vaccinate against specific diseases such as ,, the , and .
Active and passive immunity
Natural immunity Active natural immunity only occurs when an infection is present in the body it becomes active becomes it becomes the lymphocytes become activated due to the exposure of antigens and the pathogens on its surface.
Artificial immunity Active artificial immunities are when it’s not natural, so for instance when it is injected or taken antigens by mouth, in other words when it is antigens are introduced into the body deliberately.
Active natural immunity Active natural immunity occurs when someone is exposed to a harmful pathogen or antigen, for instance when children get chicken pox and then get cured and never get it again because the immunity was natural and the immune system now recognises the disease and prevents it from happening again. Exposure to infection
Active artificial l immunity Active artificial immunity occurs when a specific produced antigen is intentionally put into an individuals system, the procedure for this is called vaccination, the vaccine is to stop usually targeted to a specific illness and targeted to improve immunity and stop it from getting involved with a specific illness. Artificially by vaccination
Passive natural immunity Passive natural immunity occurs through natural means for instance a relationship between a mother and the child, when the antibodies are passes from her body to the baby’s body through breast feeding; this provides a short term protection for the baby after it has been born, another way antibodies are passed from body to body is through the placenta and into the fetal blood.
Passive artificial immunity Passive artificial immunity is made use of when short term protection is needed immediately, this is done by taking out antibodies from one individual and inserted into another, and the term antiserum is used for this procedure.
The difference between active and passive immunity _ The differences between active and passive immunity are that active immunity originally produces the antibodies in order to invade the antigens; it becomes immune naturally due to the primary immune response. However passive immunity is when antibodies are transferred from one individual to another which then provides short term passive immunity, it becomes immune artificially. Immunisation