Milk Teeth:
A baby's first teeth (known as milk or deciduous teeth) usually develop while the child is growing in the womb. These teeth then start to emerge through the gums when a child is six to nine months old.
A child should develop the first tooth around 4 – 7 months of age, this is called teething and this can cause swelled gums and sensitivity.
Weaning:
Weaning a child is a stressful process, taking them from liquid to other sources of nourishment; after the first birthday is the best time to begin weaning because kids are more adaptable to change at that age. (A 2-year-old toddler, for example, is likely to be much more attached to breastfeeding and less flexible about giving it up.
Intellectual Development:
At Birth:
Babies are born with the ability to sense objects, they also begin to develop sensations such as hunger makes eye contact and uses the senses and cries to indicate need gets interested in different sounds.
Three Months:
The child is aware of different sights and sounds and is able to recognise his mum, they can listen hold toys and smile and they take interest in their surroundings and playthings.
Six Months:
The child reacts to speech and makes noises themselves, uses their eyes a lot they can hold toys and explore uses their hands, they find their feet interesting they learn to understand objects and find them highly exciting they also learn how to use them and their effect.
Nine Months:
Starts to ‘babble’ shouts for attention and understands ‘No!’ show interest in picture books and other activities.
One Year:
The child should know his own same, obeys simple instructions they can say a few words now. They use trial and error to learn things.
Two Years:
The child should now be able to use around 50 words they understand people talking to him; they use their own name and want to know the name of objects and other people they join 2 or 3 words together uses own name to refer to self.
Three Years:
The child knows their own name and says how old they are and knows their gender they can have a simple conversation and is constantly asking questions they can sort objects into simple categories.
Sibling Rivalry:
Sibling rivalry usually starts right before or soon after the arrival of the second child. Sometimes it doesn't start until later in the sibling relationship. The older child can become aggressive, “act out”, or regress (act more like a baby).
Language Development:
At Birth:
The first type of language and communication a new born baby develops is being able to cry, they tend to cry vigorously at this age in order to communicate and ask for attention, at this age babies can also respond to tone of voice by moving their limbs.
Three Months:
Children at this age are more attentive to sound and the sounds made by your voice, they can also indicate needs with differentiated cries, children are also learning to vocalise, they use smiling as a form of communication to respond to speech.
Six Months:
At 6 months children are usually able to use double syllable sounds such as “mama” and “dada”, children usually laugh during play at this stage they can also scream to show when they are annoyed or feel threatened.
Nine Months:
At 9 months children use babbling as their form of communication, children are slightly more vocal at this age they vocalise to attract attention off someone they also enjoy communicating with sounds.
One Year:
At one year old children can usually babble 2 or 3 words repeatedly, they can respond to simple instructions they understand several words.
Two Years:
At this stage children are more likely to talk to themselves continually they have the ability to pick up words and phrases rapidly they know over 200 words at this stage.
Three Years:
Children at this age usually talk to themselves during play, they ask questions continually and speak in sentences.
Stages Of Cognitive Development:
Using Jean Piaget’s developmental theory I can write about the stages of a Childs cognitive development.
Sensori - Motor:
Sensori motor means co-ordinating an organism to the controlling nerves, from birth to two years of age according to Jean Piaget a child should be able to…
- Differentiate themselves from objects
- Recognises themselves as agent of action and begins to act intentionally: e.g. pulls a string to set mobile in motion or shakes a rattle to make a noise
- Achieves object permanence: realises that things continue to exist even when no longer present to the sense
Object Permanence:
Object permanence is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched.
Emotional Development:
At Birth:
At birth a baby can be soothed by anybody, children at this age start showing emotion the second they are born by crying they start bonding with their mother, they smile at mother too. While babies seem to be born with some of their emotional qualities in place, much of how they develop initially can be placed on the lessons they are taught by their primary care givers e.g. Mum.
Three Months:
Children at this age discriminate smiles this means the child becomes more picky about who they smile at, at this age the children seem to cry to show needs.
Six Months:
Children at this age should react and respond to different tones of the mother’s voice, they seem to show “stranger shyness” this is very common in children they tend to show shyness and hide behind their mother or go extremely quiet.
Nine Months:
Children of this age are usually apprehensive amongst strangers they tend to cling to familiar adults to make themselves feel safe and as not to feel threatened or intimidated as most strange situations may make children feel this way.
One Year:
At this age children usually co-operate with getting dressed, they can understand someone leaving and waving goodbye they demonstrate affection with kisses hugs shows signs of separation anxiety.
Two Years:
At this age children can show frustration by throwing a tantrum, separation anxiety usually decreases at this age most two-year-olds go through a period when they relate better to one parent at a time.
Three Years:
Children of this age have a vivid imagination they sometimes make up imaginary friends; they are less likely to suffer from separation anxiety. Between three and four years of age, children try to please their parents.
Bonding:
Bonding is a strong psychological and emotional attachment mothers feel for their baby it is different for every parent. Some mums immediately feel a rush of love for their newborn. Others, especially those who've had difficult labours, find the connection to their new baby isn't as instant as they'd hoped. Bonding for them is a process that takes several weeks, or even months.
Ways Mothers Can Bond With Their Babies:
- Strip off – dozens of studies have shown that skin-to-skin contact helps your baby develop and you to bond. Breastfeeding is an ideal time to do this, but you could also cuddle and enjoy baths together.
- Get gazing – your baby's eyes may still be squinty but they can see just far enough to focus on your face. In fact, babies look at human faces longer than any other object. Hold your baby and look at her/him, see if you can find features that resemble yours. The more you get to know her/him, the faster you'll bond.
- Change those nappies – nurturing your baby, feeding her/him, comforting her/him and changing her/his nappy will encourage a strong bond to develop between you.
Social Development:
At Birth:
Newborns begin to smile in their first month.
Six To Nine Months:
At six to nine months of age along with an increased awareness of their surroundings, some infants this age also develop what is commonly referred to as stranger anxiety.
Twelve To Eighteen Months:
Children at this age begin to explore more independently. Beginning to venture out on one's own more. Toddlers at this age often feel comfortable exploring away from their parents when in familiar surroundings.
Eighteen To twenty-four Months:
At this age, toddlers learn to deal with new emotions a lot of 18- to 24-month-olds show anxiety around other toddlers, especially if they are unfamiliar, and also become anxious in anticipation of unpleasant events.
Two Years:
A typical 2 year old starts to become more aware of other people's emotions, reacting to anger and affection among other family members
one major area of social development is playing.
Types Of Play:
Solitary play is when children pretty much have no interest in playing with other children. Example, two children playing in the same room but not paying attention to one another.
Parallel play is when children play near each other but are not doing the same thing. Example, two children are playing at the same table, one is doing a puzzle and one is coloring.
Associative play is when children play near each other with similar toys, but they're not really playing together. Example, two children playing in a sandbox, but each is working on his/her own thing...not working together to build something.
Cooperative play is when children are working together towards a common goal. Example, two (or more) children are working together to build one block tower.
Principals Of Physical Development
The Growth Chart:
Development Of Fine And Gross Motor Skills
Id Ego And Super-Ego
According to Sigmund Freud's theory personality is composed of three elements. These three elements of personality are known as the id, the ego and the superego--work together to create complex human behaviours.
The Id:
The id is the only component of personality that is present from birth; the id is driven by the pleasure principle witch strives for immediate gratification of all desires, wants and needs, for example an increase in hunger or thirst should produce an immediate attempt to eat or drink. The id is extremely important in early years it insures that all the infants’ needs are met, if the infant is hungry or uncomfortable, he or she will cry until the demands of the id are met. However, immediately satisfying these needs is not always realistic or even possible. If we were ruled entirely by the pleasure principle, we might find ourselves grabbing things we want out of other people's hands to satisfy our own cravings. This sort of behaviour would be both disruptive and socially unacceptable.
The Ego:
The ego is the component of personality that is responsible for dealing with reality. The ego develops from the id and ensures that the impulses of the id can be expressed in a manner acceptable in the real world. The ego operates based on the reality principle, which strives to satisfy the id's desires in realistic and appropriate ways. The reality principle weighs the costs and benefits of an action before deciding to act upon or abandon the impulse.
The Superego:
The super ego is the final aspect of personality that manages all of out morals standards and values that we learn from our parents and society our sense of right and wrong. The superego provides guidelines for making judgments. According to Freud, the superego begins to emerge at around age five.
Childhood:
Physical Development:
Children who are around three and four years of age can now climb upstairs using a method of bringing both feet together on each step before proceeding to the next step; at this age the children’s upper body mobility improves this means their catching and throwing ability improve so does the speed and accuracy, as the whole body coordination improves, children of this age can now peddle and steer a tricycle, there are also internal changes their breathing becomes slower and deeper. The heart beats slower and steadier than it did during infancy, blood pressure increases, this is common in boys especially, during childhood children can go for longer periods without going to the bathroom as their bladder is larger than it was during infancy however by the age of six one out of two children still wet the bed at night this can be due to being in unfamiliar surroundings e.g. sleeping at a relatives house or a friends, or when there are family or personal problems.
By the age of four, a child usually shows a preference for using either their right hand or their left hand.
Boys will become more muscular and grow 2-3 inches in height over girls; the children have an increase in height and decrease in head circumference and waist.
A number of principles regarding physical growth can be helpful in understanding a child's physical development.
• Directional Growth
First, the growth of a child's body follows a directional pattern in three ways. Knowing this is important so expectations of a child's physical abilities are appropriate. The patterns of development are:
1. Large to small muscle or gross to fine motor development _ Large- to small- muscle development means large muscles develop in the neck, trunk, arms and legs before the small muscles in the fingers, hands, wrists and eyes develop. Children can walk before they can write or scribble.
2. Head to toe or top to bottom _ A second pattern is children's muscles develop from head to toe. This is why babies can hold up their heads long before they can walk.
3. Inside to outside or centre to outside _ A third pattern is muscles develop from the centre of the body first and then toward the outside of the body. Muscles around the trunk of the body develop earlier and are stronger than muscles in the hands, feet, etc.
Intellectual Development:
Stages Of Learning: (Four Years):
- Enjoys counting up to twenty.
- Talks about things in the past and future.
- Can sort objects into groups.
- Have increased memory skills for e.g. he can remember a particular event, such as when his aunties and uncles visited several months previously.
- Often confuses fact with fiction.
Stages Of Learning :(Five Years):
- Produces drawings with good detail for e.g. a house with windows, a door, a roof and a chimney.
- Asks a lot of questions.
- Can give his full name, age and address and often his birthday.
- Talks about the past, present and future, with a good sense of time.
Staged Of Learning: (Six Years):
- Begins to develop concepts of quantity... distance, area, time, weight, length etc.
- Is able to distinguish the difference between reality and fantasy.
- Names days of the week in order.
- Can arrange objects in order of size.
- Is able to print own name.
- Tells month and day of birthday.
Emotional Development: