After a week or so, the mosquito is able to infect another person.
The infected mosquito stabs into an uninfected person consequently, the parasite inside the mosquito moves into the (host) human through the salivary glands, of the mosquito, whilst passing through the blood. A number of parasites travel directly into the liver and it is here that the parasites divide (in the liver cells hepatocytes) thus forming thousands of individuals. They pierce the liver's cells and schizogony occurs. Each sporozoite is capable of escalating to more than 10000 merozoites. The liver cells then rupture releasing the parasites back into the bloodstream where they enter the red blood cells. The parasite known as sporozoite, in the human host enters the red blood cells. However, some parasites reside in the liver, here in the liver cells they are hidden from the human immune system, thus the immune system cannot fight them, this is the technique parasites apply to evade the host’s immune system.
When the parasite is inside the red blood cells the merozoite breaks down the haemoglobin feeding off the amino acids and causes anaemia. The infected red blood cells burst at this time releasing new meroziotes, which continue to infect new blood cells, this process continues on and on. Within the red blood cells of the liver, parasites feed off the cytoplasm and haemoglobin, the parasites mature and reproduce Asexually. They reproduce with flagellated gametes and some reproduce with amoeboid gametes, which may suggest that a whole group may have derived from both kinds of ancestors.
After a week or so, the mosquito is able to infect another person.
The infected mosquito stabs into an uninfected person consequently, the parasite inside the mosquito moves into the (host) human through the salivary glands, of the mosquito, whilst passing through the blood. A number of parasites travel directly into the liver and it is here that the parasites divide (in the liver cells hepatocytes) thus forming thousands of individuals. They pierce the liver's cells and schizogony occurs. Each sporozoite is capable of escalating to more than 10000 merozoites. The liver cells then rupture releasing the parasites back into the bloodstream where they enter the red blood cells. The parasite known as sporozoite, in the human host enters the red blood cells. However, some parasites reside in the liver, here in the liver cells they are hidden from the human immune system, thus the immune system cannot fight them, this is the technique parasites apply to evade the host’s immune system.
When the parasite is inside the red blood cells the merozoite breaks down the haemoglobin feeding off the amino acids and causes anaemia. The infected red blood cells burst at this time releasing new meroziotes, which continue to infect new blood cells, this process continues on and on. Within the red blood cells of the liver, parasites feed off the cytoplasm and haemoglobin, the parasites mature and reproduce Asexually. They reproduce with flagellated gametes and some reproduce with amoeboid gametes, which may suggest that a whole group may have derived from both kinds of ancestors.
After being in the human’s red blood cells, the red blood cells shatter within and up to 72 hours thus, freeing the parasites to attack other red blood cells. Poisons are released into that person’s blood stream after a period of ten days or so a fever usually develops, this maybe irregular or continuous or occur twice a day depending on the plasmodium injected by the mosquito. Severe symptoms are caused by the huge release of morozoites into the bloodstream. Whilst the red blood cells are ruptured severe anaemia occurs, and many different problems then take place due to the free flowing haemoglobin in the circulation. The inundation of waste materials and the clotting of blood capillaries, to the point where the body can no longer cope. This causes kidney and liver failure. It is also possible for the malaria infection to cause the red blood cells to clot in the brain. The malaria invasion alters the characteristics of the red blood cells to form structures identified as rosettes. Rosettes do not readily cross the microcirculation so in effect they block the flow of blood. This is probably the cause of the terminal cerebral malaria that occurs with Plasmodium falciparum infections. As the infection develops, the asexual stages in the red blood cells become synchronised consequently, when a blood test is taken at any moment in time it will show the majority of the parasites at the same phase of development. Since the synchronous release of merozoites from numerous red blood cells, the person infected from malaria goes through a characteristic cycle of symptoms that match up to different phases in this so called erythrocytic sequence.
Chapter 8 Possible immunity
In controlling the disease, it is necessary to understand the evolution of the disease. Parasite antigens on the infected red cell surface are targets for naturally acquired immunity to malaria; therefore, designing a malaria vaccine requires recognizing the targets of the defensive immune responses, along with realising, which immune mechanisms will actually contribute towards destroying the parasite, and the resistance to clinical disease. Furthermore it is thought that people’s genetics can help in identifying possible defending antigens. There is an enormous attempt going on about existing anti-malarial drugs also, trying to combine them so that they are more successful, thus delaying the start of resistance. Improved drug formulations are necessary; subsequently they can be used easily. Furthermore, there is a necessity for new and improved drugs to be made available; several scientists state that the drug called MalaroneTM has shown to be successful against fighting malaria in clinical trials, together as a treatment and a preventative.
