Physiological disorder

Health and social care level 3

Patient with Asthma

Mrs Serena Rose is a single mum of two daughters one is 10 years old and the other one is 5 years old, her husband has died and it was very difficult for her to deal with the loss of her family member. Serena has started to smoke after her husband died without quitting it once, this has brought her a lot of stress recently and very difficult for her to breathe.

Serena went outside to do physical exercise so she can loose weight as she though she was over weight. When she started running she found herself short breath and when she stopped she could hardly breathe. She found it really difficult to sleep at night time as she felt tightness in her chest. She got really worried and she decided to go to see her GP doctor. When she went to her GP her doctor advised her to take some tests to see what was wrong with her respiratory system and especially the airways, then she found out that she developed asthma she was given an inhaler to keep with her at all times wherever she goes. She was put on the normal dosage because her asthma is not as bad as others. She was also given a peak flow to keep beside her bed while she sleeps; this is to make sure that she has one at arms length in case of an asthma attack; as asthma can get worse at night. Mrs Serena Rose understood that her asthma condition will never disappear and she has to make a life style change to her life and especially for her two daughters because in many cases if parents suffer from asthma the condition will be passed to the children and aseptically when smoking around her children. The damage that asthma has cause to the organ is affected by mainly he lungs as that is where the air we breath passes through to get to the heart. Asthma causes the lungs to tighten up when the person is short of breath which make it hard to breathe normally.

Mrs Serena Rose knew what has caused her asthma and she had to leave smoking for the sake of her health so it can improve. Mrs Serena Rose was given an inhaler for 5 months and she keeps it wherever she goes.

Patient coronary heart disease

Mrs. Tanya Jenkins is 38 years old, she suffer from coronary heart disease. She’s a mother of children and lives with her three children and her husband. She started smoking since she was 18 years old and also suffers from high cholesterol and also diabetes. She does not work as she takes care of the children and also her husband, but her husband works.

Tanya visited her family physician for a routine checkup. She appeared to be healthy part form her diabetes and high cholesterol. But Tanya started feeling chest pains she said that the chest pains were strong and also discomfort. She said that many times she felt very dizzy, shortness of breath and also tingling in fingers. Tanya does physical exercise every morning; after she does the physical exercise she feels very short breathiness and makes it really difficult for her to breathe. It usually occurred during an evening walk, which she took after dinner. The chest ache lasted for a very short time and disappeared if she stopped walking for a short while. Tanya does many social activities with her children so she doesn’t keep any stress as that will cause her depression and will make her illness very bad. Tanya takes statins for her cholesterol and she takes meglitinides for her diabetes

She also mentioned that she had started taking the short evening walks recently on the advice of a friend for her high cholesterol. When she went for a short walk at evening she felt quite dizzy and also very tight chest pains. She had to go and check to the doctors because she was scared that she might have a heart attack. Tanya has a family history of coronary artery disease; her father was diagnosed with coronary heart disease at the age of 60 years old. He subsequently underwent triple bypass surgery. The patient's paternal grandfather died of a heart attack at the age of sixty

Physiological disorders

In this part of the assignment I am going to talk about the body systems that my two patients suffer from and I am going to explain their structure and what kind of job they do in our body. Starting with the following:

(P2) Describe the physiology of each disorder and the factors that may influenced this development.

(CHD) The cardiovascular system

The cardiovascular system is also called the circulatory system. The heart is am pumping device and a closed system of vessels called arteries, veins, and capillaries. The hart is enclosed by a sack known as the pericardium, these are three layers of tissues that form the heart wall, outer layer of the heart wall is the epicedium, the middle layer is called myocardium and also the inner layer is called endocardium The heart has 4 chambers and these are the following:

Right atrium Right ventricles Left atrium Left ventricles

There are thin walled chambers is which called atria from the veins, the two ventricles are ticked wall chambers that force blood out of the heart. The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the systemic veins; where as the left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins.

Valves of the heart

For the heart to keep the fluids flowing in the atrium the pumps needs a set of valves. The heart has two types of valves that keep the blood flowing in the correct direction. The valves between the atria, ventricles are called atrioventricles vales, while those at the bases of the large vessels leaving the ventricles are called eliminator valves. When the ventricle contract, atrioventriculor valves close to prevent blood from the flowing back into the atria, when the ventricles have a rest the simulator valves will close to prevent blood from flowing back into the ventricles.

Pathway of the blood through the heart

When we describe the flow of the blood through the right side of the heart and then through the left side its very important to know that both atria contract at the same time and the both ventricles contract a the same time. The heart works as two pumps one on the right and one on the left. The blood flows from the right atrium to the right ventricles and this has been pumped to the lungs to receive oxygen. The blood flows to the left atrium then to the than to the left ventricles and this will happen in systemic circulation.

Blood supply to the myocardium

The myocardium of the heart wall is working muscle that needs a supply of oxygen and nutrients to function. The reason why this happens is because the muscle has a network of blood vessels to bring oxygen to the contracting cells and need to remove waste products. The right and left coronary arteries, braches of the atria supply blood to the walls of the myocardium. After the blood passes through the capillaries in the myocardium it enters a system of coronary veins, many of the cardiac veins drains into the coronary anus which opens into the right atrium.

Arteries

The arteries job is to carry blood away from the heart. The pulmonary arteries transport blood that has a low oxygen form the right ventricles to the lungs. The systemic arteries transport oxygenated blood from the left ventricles to the body tissues. The blood is pumped form the ventricles into a layer of elastic attires until the branches result in microscopic arteries called articles, it plays a key role in regulating blood flow into he tissues capillaries. The wall of the artery consist of three layers, the inner layer, the turnip uituma contains simple squalors epithelium, basement membrane and connective tissues. The epithelium is in contact with the blood flow, the middle, the tunica media is a smooth muscle and is usually the thickest layer it provides support for the vessels.

Blood vessels

The blood vessels are the conduct through which blood is distributed to the body tissues. The blood vessels make two closed systems of tubes that end and begin at the heart. The pulmonary vessels transport blood from the right ventricles to the lungs and back to the left atrium. The systemic vessels carry blood from the left ventricles to the tissues in all parts of the body and then after it return the blood back to the right atrium.

Veins

The veins job to carry blood towards the heart when the blood passes through the capillaries it goes into the smallest veins called venues, after that it flows into a larger veins till it reaches the heart. In the pulmonary circuit, the pulmonary veins transport blood form the lungs to the left atrium of the heart,, this blood has a high oxygen because it has just been oxygenated into the lungs. The systemic veins transport blood form the body tissues to the right atrium of the heart. The walls of the veins have three layers as the arteries. These three layers make the wall of veins thinner than the arteries which relate to the fall that blood in the veins has less pressure than in the arteries; this is because the walls of the veins are thinner and less rigid than arteries, and veins can hold more blood.

Capillaries

Capillaries are the smallest of blood vessels that form the connection between the vessels that carry blood away form the heart and then the vessels return blood to the heart. The capillaries job is to exchange the materials between the blood and tissue cells. The tissues like skeletal muscle live and kidneys have capillaries network because they are active and require supply of oxygen and nutrients, other tissues like connective tissues have less supply at capillaries. The smooth muscle cells in the arteries when the branch to form capillaries regulates blood flow form the articles into the capillaries. The roles of the capillaries are the forming of the connection between arteries and veins. Capillaries have a big role in the exchange of gases, nutrients and waste products between the blood and the tissue cells. Substances pass through the capillaries wall, flirtation and diagnosis, oxygen and carbon dioxide move through the capillaries wall by diffusion.

Factors that can increase the risk of coronary heart disease

Coronary heart disease is caused by built up fat deposits on the wall of the coronary arteries the fatty called atherona is made up of cholesterol and also by other waste substances. The risk of developing athereclosis is increased by the following factors:

Smoking: Smoking is a big risk factor of coronary heart disease. Carbon dioxide monoxide and nicotine put a strain on the heart by making it work faster an also the blood may clot. Other substances or chemicals in the cigarettes damage your coronary arteries leading to furies of the arteries.

This is a preview of the whole essay

Cholesterol: Cholesterol is a fat that is made by the liver form the fat that we eat in our body. Cholesterol is good for healthy cells but if there is too much in the blood it can lead to coronary heart disease. Cholesterol is carried out in the blood stream by molecules called lipoproteins. There is different type of lipoproteins but the two main ones are low density, lipoproteins (LDL) and high density (HDL) a low lipoprotein is known as bad cholesterol this is because it takes cholesterol form the liver to the cells, low density lipoprotein is build up on the walls for the coronary arteries which will increase your risk of heart disease. High density lipoproteins is a good cholesterol because it takes cholesterol away form the cells and brings it back to the liver where it is passed from body as a waste product.

Thrombosis: Thrombosis is a blood cell clots within a vein. If a thrombosis occurs in a coronary artery it will cause the artery to narrow which will increase the chance of having a heart attack. A coronary thrombosis occurs when blood turns from liquid form to solid in one for the heart arteries, coronary thrombosis mostly happens at the same place as where arteriosclerosis is formed.

Diabetes: Diabetes is a disorder of metabolism the way our bodies use digested food for energy. Most of the food we eat is broken down into glucose, the form of sugar in the blood. Glucose is the body’s main source of fuel. People that have diabetes can have a risk of developing coronary heart disease, however this can be prevented by trying to lower the blood sugar levels blood pressure and cholesterol close the recommended target. Reaching your targets can also help individuals to prevent narrowing or blockage of the blood vessels in your legs a condition called peripheral arterial disease.

(M1) Explain the course of the disorder in each individual.

CHD affects on the individual

When the disease affects the heart it also kills the heart muscles same are in this case where the heart attack has happened. In this care where the heart attack has happened, in the location where the heart disease or heart attack has taken place the blood supply to the heart muscle has been restricted. As the muscles require oxygen and nutrients for the heart muscle to be able to survive and therefore where the absent of the oxygen and food the cardiac tissues will have a big chance of dyeing. When the blood flow decreases in the heart it might show a result I angina or chest pain the in the symptoms valves widely, the pain can be irregular and also can be more pronounced and steady. When the individual suffer from a heart disease it will make the individual everyday activities very difficult to cope with as the heart has a weakness to face the daily activities. If the individual has an angina it’s usually brought by the amount for work or doing anything that is physically challenging. When the berthing does not get better the individual will have to rest and improve their breathing. The symptoms will become more common as the coronary arteries become narrowed by the build up fatty deposits. The fatty deposits also called the (plaque) build up on the walls of the blood vessels that supply to the heart muscle which is restricted and also a condition called ischemic may show, this can be described as the flow of the blood to a part of the body caused by the blockage of the blood vessels. The cardiovascular system is a very important role and important body system in our daily lives an there will be a chance to defeat in the circulatory system can affect the metabolisms of the body, if the fatty deposits also called a plaque id formed in the blood vessels that the delivery blood to the brain this can lead an individual in many heart disease like a heart attack or coronary heart disease. The heart attack can show and can happen in a case of narrowed blood vessels in the heart which this can block the blood flow through the cardiovascular system. Coronary heart disease can also or can be connected to other medical health problems like diabetes. Individuals that have or suffer from diabetes can increase a risk of developing cardiovascular disease. When the individual that suffers form diabetes go to the doctor or chemist they will be advised to take low close aspirins if however they are taking treatment for high blood pressure. This can also happen if any of the organs have been damaged as a complicated as diabetes. Heart disease can affect an elderly person as their heart weakness will causes weakness to other body organs in the body and will be very difficult for them in their daily basis activities.

Treatments for coronary heart disease

Statins: Statins are a class of drugs that aim lower the level of cholesterol in the blood regarding the production of cholesterol by the liver. Is a fatty build up on the body which is critical to the normal function of the cells in the body. This can also develop atheroslenosis; this Is a condition in which cholesterol that contains the fatty deposit from the arteries. These fatty deposits will block the arteries and will develop of reducing the flow of the blood to the tissues the arteries supply. For individuals that are over the age of 55 and that have a medical history of the heart disease to take statins or for those who have diabetes the doctor will advise them to take statins. Statins have a side affect that includes memory loss and depression, not every individual’s memory loss and depression will have a side affect as there are claims that it can only claim to those who have higher dose that we going to have a chance to have side affect.

Beta blockers: These drugs will show your heart rate and also can develop reducing the pumping of the heart. This medication can reduce the hearts demand for oxygen this medication can also widen the blood vessels that will help to lower the blood pressure. The people who take this medication will have no side affects but for some individuals it will have a side affects, this can occur to some individuals because of their action in some parts of the body. This causes to the [parts of the body will cause tiredness depression, nightmares and also other sleeping problems occur in the same people and also sometimes the heart rate can go to slow.

Aspirin: The individuals that have coronary heart disease are given aspirin. This type of medication ca hep the individual to prevent blood clot in the individuals that have coronary heart disease and also it can involve people who have just ha a heart attack by surgery and also that suffering form angina attack. There are some serious risks side affects weigh aspirin like bleeding from the gut. Aspirins can sometimes cause and develop tummy pains to some individuals.

(P2) Describe the physiology of each

disorder and the factors that may influenced this development.

(Asthma) Human respiratory system:

The respiratory system is can organ involved in breathing these include, the nose, larynx trachea, bronchi and the lungs. The respiratory system brings oxygen into our body and it also helps us get rid of the waste product and also it helps us get rid of the waste product which called carbon dioxide. The nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchi all work like a system of pipes through our is funnelled down into our lungs oxygen is brought into the blood stream and carbon dioxide is pushed form the blood out into the air. When something goes wrong with the respiratory system like infection like asthma it make it harder for us to get ride the oxygen we need and get rid of waste product carbon dioxide. The most common respiratory system is breathless, cough and chest pain.

The upper airways and trachea:

When we breathe in air enters into our body through our nose or mouth. When the air has been entered into our body it then travels own our throat through the larynx and into the trachea, before entering into the lungs. The upper airways are important because it must always stay open for us to be able to breathe and it also helps to moist and warm the air it reaches your lungs.

The lungs structure:

The lungs are cone shaped organs which take up most of the space in out hest along with the heart. The roles of the lungs is to take oxygen into the body we need for our cells to live and function properly and also to help us to get rid of the carbon dioxide which is waste product. We have two lungs as left lung and a right lung; they are divided into big sections of tissues separated by dividers. The right lung has three lobes at the left one has only two lobes this is because of the heart takes up some of the space in the left side of our chest. The lungs can also be divided up into even smaller portions called bronchpulmonary segments. These are pyramidal shaped areas which are 10 of them in each lung; each segment receives its own blood supply and air supply.

The lungs function:

Air enters our lungs through a systemic pipe called bronchi. These pipes start from the bottom of the trachea as the left and right bronchi and branch. Many times throughout the lungs until they form thin walled our sacs known as the alveolus. The alveolus is where the most important gas exchanges takes space between the air and your blood. Covering each alveolus is a whole network of little blood vessels called capillaries which are very small branches of pulmonary arteries, its very important that the air in the alveoli and the blood in the capillaries are very close together so that the oxygen and the carbon dioxide can move between them.

Blood supply:

The lungs are very vascular organs, meaning they receive major blood supply this is because the pulmonary arteries which supply the lungs cane directly from the right side of the heart. They carry blood which is low in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide into your lungs so that the carbon dioxide can be blown off a more oxygen can absorb into the blood stream.

The work of breathing:

The lungs are covered by smooth membranes which is called pleurae. They have two layers a “visceral” layer and which stick closely to the outside surface of your lungs and a “practical” layer which lines the inside of your chest wall also known as the ribcage. Pleura are important because they help us breathe in and out smoothly without any frictions they also make sure that when you your rib cage response on breathing in your lungs expand as well to fill the extra space.

The diaphragm and intercostals muscle

When you breathe in your muscles need to feel your lungs with air. The diaphragm does much of this work. At rest it is shaped like a done curving up into your chest and drawing air into your lungs other muscles including the muscles between your ribs also helping moving your ribcage in and out. Breathing out doesn’t require your muscles to work this is because your lungs are very elastic and when the muscles relax at the end of the inspiration your lungs recoil back into resting position pushing the air out as they go.

Factors that causes asthma

The most common causes of asthma are the following factors:

Family history: people that develop asthma are people that have a family history of asthma, eczema or allergies. This is very common because it has to do with geneses. Its actually very likely that family history combined with certain environmental influences whether or not some one develops asthma.

Lifestyle: Causes of asthma include the life style that the individual lives. Like changes in the housing and diet and a more hygienic environment, this may have contributed to the risk in asthma over the last few decades.

Smoking: Smoking can cause many different health problems including asthma. It is known now that during pregnancy increases the risk of a child developing asthma as well as the mother. Children’s whose parents smoke are likely to develop asthma

Environmental pollution: Environmental pollution can make the asthma symptoms worse and may play a part in causing some asthma. This is mostly common by the environmental dust that is caused by the cars in the roads.

Adults: The adult’s onset a asthma may develop after a viral infection, and also irritants found in the work place lead a person to developing asthma.

(M1) Explain the course of the disorder in each individual.

Asthma respiratory system

An individual that suffers form asthma will affect their lungs and make it very difficult for them to breathe in many situations. This happens because the lungs will struggle to breathe in air to maintain the body and in many cases some body organs can become provided of oxygen for a short period of time and this will affect the heart and brain. Mild cerebral hypoxia is known as a diffuse cerebral hypoxia, this can cause confusion to an individual but the effects are reversible In many cases but at the same time however it can also lead to brain damage this is because the heart has been affected, therefore it cannot produce flow of oxygen form the blood to the brain and this can cause damage to the brain. Asthma can affect an individuals air ways, when the persons breathes normally the air is taken through the person body as we take in oxygen through our nose and mouth, then it goes into the trachea, which then it passes through the bronchi tubes also known as the air ways, then into the lungs and then it goes back out, this will get repeated in a breathing circulation. This will produce thick mucus; they are also over sensitive to many things like when they are doing daily exercise or when smoking. In these kind f cases asthma attack can affect a persons breathing oxygen to the brain cells and the heart. It’s important to now that asthma attack can be caused by many different type of things like when there is a low space of air where the individual is standing near to it. This can block their breathing and make it very difficult to breathe oxygen in.

Treatment for asthma

Reliever inhalers

For individuals that suffer from asthma the main treatment are relief inhalers. Inhalers contains a drug that is suitable only for asthma, inhaler can treat the air way and the little drugs gets spreaded into the rest of the body so in that matter the side effects will not show. Inside the inhaler there are a group of drugs that relief’s and prevents the body. The drugs in the inhaler will relax the muscle sin the airways, this will make the airways open wider this will happen so it can allow air to enter the person lungs more easily and also when the person takes the inhaler the symptoms will decrease for asthma. The drugs that the inhaler contains are called bronchodilators like I said before they will wide the bronchi air way so the air can go through the lungs of the individual. There are many different inhaler devices that contain the same drugs for asthma.

Preventer inhalers

If the individuals want the symptoms to stop developing they will have to take the inhaler every single day, the drug that is usually used in the inhalers is called steroids. The steroids job is to reduce the inflammation in the airways; this is a positive thing because when the inflammation will reduce there will be less symptoms for the person and less narrowed. Individuals that use inhalers don’t have side effects but however the standard inhaler doses the small amount of drugs compared to liquid tablets. However, those on a higher dose one problem that might occur when using a steroid inhaler also known as presenters is that the back of the throat may get sore, infections in the mouth may develop inside an individual. If the individual uses a high dose inhaler for a long time it can be a risk factor for osteoporosis. Osteoporosis can be overcome by changing life style like not smoking, doing daily physical exercise and eating good dietary food. If there are children that use an inhaler their growth should me monitored before they use one, this is because the doctor needs to ensure that their growth is appropriate for the inhaler because if the growth isn’t properly developed the drugs may get into the body and cause growth development.

Nebulisers

A nebulizer, also known as an atomizer, is a machine that vaporizes liquid medication into a fine mist to be inhaled into the lungs via a mouthpiece or mask. A nebulizer is used to administer medication primarily for those with asthma, but also for those with cystic fibrosis or other respiratory illnesses lisers. The lungs are an important organ for us as we need to bring air into our body organs, without air we would not survive, so it’s very important that we treat people that suffer from asthma so that their breathing can improve.

(P3) Describe the clinical investigations carried out and measurements made to diagnose and monitor the disorder in each individual like medical history etc.

Coronary heart disease tests and routine measurements

When given the medical treatment or routine measurements it’s very important to identify what is wrong with the patients and also in what condition that they are in. When they will find out what condition they are in their doctor will be able to determine some medical tests to find out what the cause of the condition could be. In coronary heart diseases many tests have to be taken which there will be many places of medication have to be taken. These procedures are used to establish coronary heart disease to find out other possible causes of the symptoms.

Blood tests

For the individuals or the patients to be diagnosed the doctors or nurse will want to take a blood test. A blood can also help the doctor to monitor someone who has been diagnosed with a heart condition. In many cases the blood tests can also be taken to help monitor the effects of medication.

Medical history

The doctor will ask the patient if there is any medical history in the family. The medical history of the patient is taken and looked at by the doctor or nurse like I said before to see if there is a pattern in the service user’s family and after that a physical examination. The doctor may use some tests to see how advanced the coronary heart disease is. A coronary heart disease can be monitored by the tests and diagnoses.

Echo cardiogram

An echo cardiogram is also known as an echo. This type of routine measurements and tests uses waves that echo structure in the heart to build picture details of the heart. This test is being done but the doctors or nurse for them to be able to look at the structure of the heart and also to know the functions of the heart. An echo cardiogram is done in the same time as the heart is done while the heart is under stress. The heart rate can be increased by exercising or the medication that the patience takes. The echo cardiogram test is done by rubbing the lubricating jelly on the chest of the patient and a recorder is placed on the chest and then a pulse of high frequency than the sound is being passed through the skin.

Electrocardiogram

An electrocardiogram is also known as ECG, this type of test is a graphic record of a electrical activity of the heart while it contracts and rests. In the records many things of the heart can be detected like heart beats, blood flow and heart enlargement, also stress test can be used to record the heart beat while doing exercise. This needs to be done because when exercising and the heart getting tired it will show some heart problems in the ECG tests. ECG can be done during, before and after doing an exercise on breathing rate in the same time at many cases the blood pressure can be measured.

Coronary angioplasty

Patients that have coronary heart disease can take a coronary angioplasty test. The patients will be given a mild sedative to help, the patient relax before doing the test. The arm is cleaned and also numbered. While doing the test a tube called atheter is being placed through an artery and then gently moved into the heart.

(M2) describe the possible difficulties involved in making a diagnosis form the signs and symptoms displayed by the individual and the results of their investigation.

Coronary Heart disease

High blood pressure

The patients who suffer from coronary heart disease sometimes their symptoms will be mistaken. An example can be a patient suffering form high blood pressure may cause headaches, fits, vision problem or black outs. Its very important that the doctor needs to realize about the symptoms of the health condition so when the doctor has been told about their patients symptoms the patient has to carry out a test to ensure that is high blood pressure the symptoms of the patient to them may also be normal things that but without an coronary heart disease. The patients that have higher risk of heart failure, heart attack, angina attack or coronary heart disease. Patients that suffer from diabetes can misunderstand the signs and symptoms of coronary heart disease.

Signs and symptoms of coronary heart disease

The main symptom is angina, caused by insufficient oxygen reaching the heart muscle because of reduced blood flow.

Angina is a feeling of heaviness, tightness or pain in the middle of your chest that may extend to, or just affect, your arms (especially the left), neck, jaw, face, back or abdomen.

Its most often experienced during exertion - if you run for a bus, for example, or climb stairs. It may occur in cold weather, after a heavy meal, or when you're feeling stressed. It can subside once you stop what you're doing and rest, or take medication.

The following symptoms are by no means always owing to CHD, and could be harmless or caused by other medical conditions. However, if you experience any of them it's a good idea to make an appointment to see your doctor:

Unusual breathlessness when doing light activity or at rest, or breathlessness that comes on suddenly.
Palpitations - awareness of your heart beat or a feeling of having a rapid and unusually forceful heart beat, especially if they last for several hours or recur over several days and/or cause chest pain, breathlessness or dizziness.
Fainting - although not always a serious symptom, fainting is due to insufficient oxygen reaching the brain, so you should report it to your doctor.
Fluid retention or puffiness is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the tissues of the ankles, legs, lungs or abdomen, for example. Although a mild degree of ankle oedema may be quite normal - for example, on a hot day - it can be a sign that the heart isn’t pumping as well as it should. Fluid retention in the lungs, or pulmonary oedema, can cause intense shortness of breath, and may be life-threatening.
Bluish-tinged fingernails or lips can be the result of too little oxygen in the blood.
Fatigue is a common symptom of heart disease, but has numerous causes, including depression. It's always worth seeing your doctor if you feel unusually tired, especially if this is combined with symptoms that can’t be explained.

(P3) Describe the clinical investigations carried out and measurements made to diagnose and monitor the disorder in each individual like medical history etc.

Asthma, respiratory system

When an individual suffer from asthma many different types of tests need to be taken by the doctor or the nurse and also you need to provide more detailed picture to them about your condition. The individual in many cases is being asked to take some lung functions tests which will provide more views of what is going wrong in your lungs as that’s the reason why you are having breathing difficulties.

Chest x-ray

Chest x-ray will help the individual to prevent from developing other lung disease and to analyze what is wrong with the disorder. When having asthma or having other respiratory system pains the doctor or the nurse will advise the patient or the individual to get a chest x-ray done, like I said before this will show the doctor what the problem is and how they can prevent form developing other lung disease.

Physical examination

An individual that suffer from asthma would be advised to take physical examination by the doctor or nurse. This is because it will show the doctor or the nurse what are the problems of the lungs that cannot take oxygen through the lungs properly, and make in it difficult for the individual. In many asthma problems the air gets trapped or narrowed in the lungs and this means that the lungs are over inflated. When the happens the ribs are pulled towards and the front to back to diameter of the chest increased. The affect of this matter is the same as when you take a deep breath inside your lungs and hold it in there. When doing physical exercise e the individual that suffer from asthma will feel very tired, the chest feels very tight this is because thy are tired and not enough air is being taken inside the lungs which this can make it very difficult for the individual to breath in and out as the lungs are narrowed.

Peak flow

An individual that suffer from asthma is advised form the doctor or the nurse to take a peak flow examination. A peak flow examination is to show the doctor how hard and quickly the person blows air out of their lungs. The examination is a meter and it has a marker that slides up the scale and the individual blows out in the meter. The peak flow is going to be high if the person controls the asthma and this will make it harder for them to breathe in and out the peak flow. Te peak flow s measured in liters every minute, in many cases if the individual has lung damages the peak flow would steel appear normal. This will analyze and highlight which part of the lungs is being affected by the individual disease. A damages server lung like emphysema the peak flow is maintained but however because the air sacs in the lungs that are severely damaged then the air will get trapped beyond the airways in the periphery of the lung which this will make it very difficult for the person to breathe out because of loss of lung elasctixly.

There are other things that can trigger asthma attack and these are the following triggers: 1) Physical exercise 2) Cold air 3) Environmental pollution

4) Different viruses 5) Emotional issues 6) Cigarettes

(M2) describe the possible difficulties involved in making a diagnosis form the signs and symptoms displayed by the individual and the results of their investigation.

Asthma, respiratory system

Sighs and symptoms

The common signs and symptoms of poorly controlled asthma are:

Coughing
Wheezing
Chest tightness
Shortness of breath
Trouble sleeping because of breathing difficulties
Being unable to take part in physical activities

The patients may have all these sins and symptoms or maybe some of them and not all of the. The signs and symptoms come and go and are usually triggered something in the enrolment

(P4) Describe the care processors for each individual and the roles of different people in supporting the care strategy:

In this part of the assignment I am very confident to explain the strategies used to care for my patients that suffer from a physiological disorder. It’s very important to the patient that they have someone to support them because they will be encountered and very positive during their recovery.

Coronary heart disease and asthma

Hospital: When the patient recovers in hospital they will receive professional care by the nurses while they are still in hospital recovering. My patient Mrs. Sera Rose that suffers from coronary heart disease was recovered in hospital For her the hospital care was very important to her medication needs because the nurse would tell her when she should tae her medication without missing a term. If Mrs. Serena Rose would have forgotten to take her tablets which should would of if she was recovering at home she would of missed taking the medication this would of affected her recovery of the coronary heart disease. Hospital changed Mrs. Rose lifestyle for example Mrs. Rose suffer from coronary heart disease if she was at home recovering a member of her family might smoke in front of her and this would make the recovery very difficult for her as in the hospitals there are rules and policies to not do curtains things that can harm the patients health or recovery. The hospital care can make a patient change their life style because there are not any bad influences in the hospital as they are in the house of the patient. Hospitals give the patients a good healthy food so they can maintain their health as it’s a good thing for their recovery it’s very important that the patient maintain good dietary health so it doesn’t affect the heart condition. However the hospital also has some disadvantage on the person as they may not have a choice on what type of food they want to eat or when she wanted to it. The most important influence that influenced my patient was privacy, there wasn’t any privacy in the hospital with her family members this made it really difficult for her to communicate very freely and also the patient did not receive enough time to stay with their family as they visited her, this caused very emotional moments on Mrs. Serena Rose.

GP: The G.P comes after the hospital; it provides health care for the patients especially for Mrs. Tanya Jenkins as she suffers from asthma. She has to go to the GP to see if there are any changes to their signs and symptoms and also to see if her breathing is improving. The GP is also useful for my other [patient that suffers from coronary heart disease Mrs. Serena Rose,. The GP will help both of my patients form the hospital recovery this is because the GPO wants to now what are the changes after their recovery form the hospital like I said earlier on before they want to know if there are any changes to their signs and symptoms, are they increasing or decreasing. The GP’s job is to provide medication foe the recovery, it would provide the care for different medication that my patients need as part of their recovery. The GP prescribes the appropriate medication for the disorder and make referral if given the wrong medication to the patient. The GP would also tell the patient if there are any changes to their physical disorder and if they are improving as its part of their job.

Harmony: Harmony is an organizational that cares for patients at night time. This is because they want to be ensure of an emergency they are called up for the patients, this can happen for the patients that are at home or in hospital recovering. Their job is to visit the patients during the night just in case there is an emergency at nighttime. This can be a very good way of caring for the patients as they are recovering from the physiological disorder.

People: Its very important that the patients tens tot talk to their close ones, this is because it will give them a relief of the pain and their emotional stress. A lot of patients tend to go through stress when recovering or before going through with the procedure of their physical disorder its very important that when they talk to people that they feel close too they exedras their emotional feelings how they feel and so on. This type of communication will tend to relief the person in many ways as they feel that they have other people support. Offering support to patients its very important to them as they are very positive that they want to recover or go through with their procedure. Support is very important in every individual’s life in any kind of situation.

(P5) Explain difficulties experienced by each individual in adjusting to the presence of the disorder and care strategy:

Patients for coronary heart disease and asthma

Patients that have been diagnosed with physiological disorder will find it very hard to think how they are going to cope with their everyday life’s to the disorder, and also their lifestyle will be changed after being diagnosed. When Mrs. Serena and Mrs. Tanya Jenkins were diagnosed with coronary heart disease and asthma they found it really difficult to come to terms with the diagnosis and also find it hard to cope and accept the fact that their heart and lungs does not function really effectively as they should be. They both have struggled with the diagnoses for months way before they were able to accept that they both physiological disorder. They both had the support form family members and it wasn’t that hard for them to cope with. Lifestyle changes had to be considered regarding to their illness as they might not be able to carry out their task which could affect their heart and lungs in this case cause Mrs. Rose to heave a heart attack and Mrs. Tanya Jenkins a bad lung disease, however at the same time they will still be able to do exercise and activities to keep a good health.

Quality of life

People that suffer form asthma and coronary heart disease can have a big amount of impact in their life. The condition can result in:

Fatigue
Absent from work
Physiological problems like stress and anxiety

When the individuals feel the things that I just wrote down they should contact their GP and ask for help, advice and also support. The most important issues that asthma can lead to is a number of serious respiratory complications in future and this can be complicated like the following:

Asthma

Pneumonia- this is an infection of lungs.
A collapse of all part of the lungs.
Respiratory failure – This is a condition where the levels of oxygen in the blood become dangerously low or the levels of carbon dioxide become dangerously high.
Status asthmaticus- This is some asthma attack that do not respond to some treatments.

Coronary heart disease

Infections- Bacteria infections can be developed and can damage the heart valves
Congenital heart disease- there's a range of structural abnormalities that can develop in the heart as a baby grows in the womb
Cardiomyopathy: this is disease of the heart muscle and may occur for many different reasons, including CHD, high blood pressure, viral infection, high alcohol intake and thyroid disease.

Death

There are many deaths in the UK that causes death from asthma and coronary heart disease. This will make it very difficult for the patient as they hear news about people dying from recovery of asthma and coronary heart disease; they will find it very hard to cope with the recovery. It is known that the death caused by asthma increased in the age of the person.

Counseling

Counseling allows a service user to express their feelings on what they are going though in their physiological disorder. Patients who are diagnosed with asthma and coronary heart disease like my two patients they are more likely and com to term with the difficult of their illness. Counseling will help Mrs. Rose and Mrs. Tanya Jenkins to cope with their anger of what the future might bring to them in term of their disorder. The patients will fear their future whether they are feeling better or not, they will worry about the medication that they will take attached to their disorder and the side affects that they ay case them by medication.

The most important way that a patient copes with their diagnoses is to see how the individual changes and behaves within their illness. If the individual is very positive about their illness they will have a better self concept and self esteem ad will recovered more easily as they will take each stage at a time. There are many ways in which individuals can cope with the disorder.

Care strategy

Care strategy is a member of the family or friends that offer support to the patients; they are the ones that are involved with the individuals within the disorder. They can help the individual with their emotional, social and physical needs; they will feel them to do more things themselves no matter what their condition is.

(M3) Explain how the care strategies have influenced the course of the disorder.

Patients for asthma and coronary heart disease

(P6) Compare the possible future development of the disorder of the individuals concerned.

In this part of the assignment I am going to compare the future development of my two patients. Prognosis means an illness may progress from diagnosed to treatment and recovery as they both have to be considered that has been frustrated by the GP or doctor.

Prognosis of coronary heart disease and asthma