Skin cancer needs a lot of research to help improve medical equipment and to prevent the disease. ‘There are 1 million people in the UK who suffer from psoriasis. 40,000 new cases of skin cancer are reported each year. 20% of all children have eczema.’[8] The number of people suffering from skin disease grows each day. The dermatological community acknowledges the significance of figures and it is reflected by the large number of requests the British Skin Foundation receives for project funding. Research is very important as skin cancer is rapidly increasing in the UK, and everyday research is still being gathered by scientists, and it will continue until they find a cure for the disease. Studies are being done to establish whether long-term use of aspirin and anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen can somehow lower the risk of non-melanoma skin cancer and pre-cancerous lesions. So far the jury is still out, and research is continuing. Many scientific studies have shown that the polyphenol antioxidants in green tea can help induce apoptosis in damaged cells. They have also been studied for their ability to inhibit urokinase, a protein produced by cancer cells that helps them invade healthy cells and spread.’[9]
Resveratrol, the antioxidant in grapes and red wine, is being studied for its power to prevent DNA damage from the sun. Researchers are also investigating the anti - skin cancer potential of pomegranate extract, which has higher antioxidant activity than green tea or red wine. Whether these antioxidants work better when consumed in the diet or applied topically to the skin is still up in the air too. As scientists pursue these promising, novel ways to protect us from sun damage, the best prevention by far is what we already know works: broad-spectrum sunscreen and avoidance of direct UV radiation.
Not only do skin cancer specialists have to research about the actual disease itself, but the funding it will cost to treat the disease and how to improve equipment. ‘In 2002, it was estimated that skin cancer (malignant melanoma and other malignant neoplasms of the skin) cost the NHS approximately £71 million’[10]. ‘Morris and colleagues estimated the cost of skin cancer in England in 2008. They estimated that around £1,800 million is spent annually in the English NHS on Cancer. Furthermore they point out that skin cancer accounted for around 4% of the expenditure, yet it accounted for at least 20% of all cases of cancer. This method of evaluation has not been widely used for skin cancer prevention initiatives in the UK, and proves slightly problematic for the future planning of resources and services given the importance of skin cancer as a growing public health problem in the UK.’[11]
Research has also been done how to protect the public and decrease the chances of them developing any type of cancer, but in this case skin cancer. ‘Understanding how the current policy drivers and organisational networks are working to deliver skin cancer prevention work under this relatively new delivery framework and is vital to the future development of this work. A timely project was commissioned in 2009 to establish the nature and extent of skin cancer prevention across the UK, and understand the policy frameworks underpinning this work. This survey was undertaken by the University of Plymouth, in December 2009 all PCTs in England were surveyed and 75 (49%) responded. The initial findings suggest that this is currently a low priority work area, tending to be the subject of ad hoc (often seasonal) activity rather than systematic intervention.’[12] Research has also been done to see who would mostly likely be affected with skin cancer, the research concluded as follows;
‘- those with fair skin: people with skin types I and II burn rapidly (those with skin types III and IV are at risk in strong sunshine and during prolonged UV exposure, those with skin types V and VI are at risk during prolonged UV exposure4)
- children (babies are at greatest risk of burning and should be kept out of direct sunlight)
- young people
- outdoor workers
- those who are immuno-suppressed
- those with a personal or family history of skin cancer
- those with a lot of moles (more than 50)
- those who put themselves at risk of overexposure to UV by sunbathing or by using indoor tanning devices such as sunbeds and sunlamps.’[13]
The NHS then needed to gather more information on how to protect the people most at risk, which once again consisted on more research.
‘- Avoid getting sunburnt Avoid excess or prolonged sun exposure. This includes staying in the sun until the skin goes red. If you need to be out in the sun (for example, for work purposes), then protect your skin as much as possible to avoid burning.
- When and how to protect Protect the skin when it is sunny, both in the UK and abroad, by spending time in the shade between 11am and 3pm. Where possible, wear clothing that protects areas which may be vulnerable to burning and apply sunscreen. This includes a broad-brimmed hat that shades the face, neck and ears, a long-sleeved top and trousers. Where possible, choose close-weave fabrics that don’t allow the sun through.
- Sunscreens Sunscreens should not be used as an alternative to clothing and shade, rather they should offer additional protection. (No sunscreen product provides 100% protection against the sun.) Choose a ‘broad spectrum’ sunscreen which offers both UVA and UVB protection. It should be at least SPF 15 to protect against UVB and offer high UVA protection (in the UK, this is indicated by at least four stars and the circular UVA logo). Use water resistant products if sweating or contact with water is likely.
- Sunscreen application Apply liberally half an hour before and after going out in the sun (don’t forget your head, neck and ears). Re-apply at least every 2 hours and immediately after being in water, even if the sunscreen is ‘water resistant’. Also re-apply after towel drying. If applied adequately, SPF 15 should be sufficient.’[14]
The public health issue can affect every life stage which ranges from infancy, early childhood, adolescence, early audulthood, middle adulthood and later adulthood. ‘Although the rates are highest in the over 65s, a substantial number of cases are diagnosed at younger adult ages. More than a quarter (28%) of all cases occurs in people aged less than 50 years. More than two 15-34 year olds are diagnosed with malignant melanoma every day (over 900 cases were diagnosed in this age-group in 2008) and it is the second most common cancer in this age-group. This unusually young age distribution for an adult cancer emphasises the importance of its prevention and early treatment to avert the potential loss of many years of life. On average, around 20 years of life are lost for each melanoma death.’[15] Although skin cancer is common for people in the adulthood category, Malignant melanoma is the second most common form of cancer among young adults aged 15-34 year, over the last 25 years rates of malignant melanoma in Britain have risen faster than any of the top ten cancers in males and females. Malignant melanoma is the fastest growing cancer in men and the second fastest in women. This show how the adolescence group is increasing and will so be equal to the adulthood category.
Another worrying problem that affects young people is sunbed use, which continues to be widespread, even among children. ‘In 2009, research from Cancer Research UK, the National Cancer Action Team and the Department of Health estimated that up to 250,000 children aged 11 – 17 were using sunbeds.’[16] Such evidence is of grave concern, since sunburn in childhood (and ongoing into adulthood) greatly increases the risk of developing skin cancer later in life. The figure below show the average number of new cases according the ages: [17]
Where you live can also be a big factor on your health and well-being. Another unusual feature of malignant melanoma is its positive association with affluence. ‘For Scottish patients diagnosed between 1991-95, age-standardised incidence rates in the most affluent areas were nearly twice as high as those in the most deprived areas .’[18] In England and Wales during 1988-93, the gap was wider, with the most deprived areas having incidence rates between 60-70% lower than those for the most affluent areas. A decade later, this gap had narrowed in England to a similar sized gap as seen for Scotland, with the deprived groups having 50% lower incidence rates than the affluent areas during 1998-2003 , and in 2000-2004. This difference in incidence is possibly related to access to holidays abroad, where higher intensity sun exposure is likely. The gap between the least and most deprived groups may have narrowed because more people go on holiday abroad now.
‘In 2005 UK residents made a record 66.2 million trips abroad, three times as many as in 1985. Two-thirds of these foreign visits were holidays and just under half were package holidays.’[19] The Cancer Atlas of the UK and Ireland, which analysed rates at local authority and health board level, showed that male and female melanoma incidence rates have a very similar geographical distribution.
Higher than average (UK and Ireland average) melanoma incidence rates were also reported for Northern Ireland, Scotland, Ireland and much of southern England. There is some suggestion that the higher rates in Scotland as well as Northern Ireland and Ireland may reflect better ascertainment of cases: another reason for the elevated rates may be the larger proportion of high risk, fair-skinned people in those populations. ‘An estimated 69,000 new cases of melanoma were diagnosed in 2008 in the EU-27 countries. Within the EU, there is considerable variability of rates as shown in Figure 1.4 with the highest rates for the fairer-skinned north Europeans. The UK melanoma incidence rates for both men and women are above the EU average.’[20]
Another factor that got taken into consideration was the social class category’s, as people in a higher class had a less chance of catching skin cancer as they were able to afford good sun protection and they were much more educated than those in deprived areas. ‘Retailers and cancer charities have joined forces to lobby the government to slash VAT on sun protection products as part of a drive to help Britons stay safe and cut the UK's spiralling skin cancer rate. Amid concerns that cash-strapped families will skimp on sun cream this summer, the chemist chain Superdrug is leading the call for the products' current standard VAT rate of 17.5% to be scrapped in favour of a reduced levy of 5%‘[21]. The government now educates all schools about the importance of sun cream and put it in the media, such as magazines and on TV, so teenagers and adults understand how important sun cream is. Wearing sunscreen protects your skin from the sun's carcinogenic rays and ageing. You should use sunscreen that has a SPF of 15 and above. Use it regularly and liberally 15 minutes before going out into the sun and reapply after swimming, sweating or towelling.
There are many risk factors on how skin cancer is caused. The main preventable risk factor for skin cancer is excess exposure to ultraviolet radiation, the principal source of which is the sun. A study published in December 2011 estimated that around 86% of malignant melanomas in the UK in 2010 were linked to exposure to UVR from the sun and sunbeds, with a higher proportion in men (around 90%) than women (around 82%). Sunbeds and sunlamps are a source of artificial UVR. ‘Before the 1980s these appliances primarily emitted UVB and sometimes UVC. Since then, commercial salons using mainly UVA lamps (these lamps may also emit some UVB) have become popular.’[22] This variable spectral output over time and also between appliances, complicates the measurement of risk. In 1999 a quarter of men and a third of women in Britain reported using a sunbed or tanning machine in the previous six months and there was even higher use amongst young people. Any impact of sunbed use is therefore likely to be greater in the future. The diagram below show what UVA, UVB and UVC is:
[23]
Another risk factor which isn’t caused by the people themselves is people with a family history of melanoma. They roughly double the risk of developing the disease compared to people without a family history of carriers. ‘Rare families exist in which 3 or more cases occur. In these families a significant proportion have a hereditary susceptibility gene such as CDKN2A and as gene carriers are at considerable lifetime risk of melanoma.’[24] People with a family history of squamous cell carcinoma or basal cell carcinoma have an increased risk of non-melanoma skin cancer.
Skin cancer became a very popular public issue as the numbers of skin cancer suffers were increasing dramatically over a year. The most worrying part of the public issue was the increasing numbers of skin cancer sufferers from the adolescence category which made the government take action. They chose to do this by educating teenagers and adults about how damaging the sun is to their bodies and how to protect yourself when on holiday or outdoors.
‘In May 2005 the CIEH held a national conference, Saving our Skins to raise awareness of the issues and provide support to environmental and public health practitioners in this vital area of work’[25]. The CIEH believes that local authorities and health departments have a key role to play in getting the messages across and protecting the public from the risks. Another worrying aspect of skin cancer was the number of teenagers using sunbeds, this would of increased their chances of getting skin cancer for when they enter their adulthood life stages. This also started off another public issue which introduces a sunbed bad for people under the age of eighteen. ‘The ban comes days after a report found that every day, two 15 -34-year olds in Britain are diagnosed with the deadliest form of skin cancer, malignant melanoma.’[26]
The media has a very big impact on teenagers today to have ‘sun kissed’ tanned skin. As we now live in a diverse society, many people judge paleness as ugliness, and tanned skin as beauty and healthy skin. Infact, having tanned skin through sunbed use or over exposure to the sun will damage your skin much more than just being pale, and will make it prone to wrinkles and aging as people get older. ‘Two experiments evaluated the effects of exposure to pictures of suntanned and untanned fashion models on attitudes regarding the importance of having a tan. In Experiment 1, 128 women were randomly assigned to view images of photographer's models that had been digitally altered to make it appear that the model either did or did not have a tan. Participants who viewed images of the models without a tan expressed significantly less positive attitudes toward tanning than did those who viewed the same models with a tan. In Experiment 2, 169 women were randomly assigned to view advertisements taken from fashion and beauty magazines that contained models who appeared to have suntanned skin, models who appeared not to have a tan, or no models at all. The results demonstrated that participants who viewed ads depicting models with untanned skin expressed less favorable attitudes toward tanning than did those who viewed control ads or those who viewed tan models. Given escalating skin cancer rates, it is important to examine the role that media exposure may play in promoting risky behaviors.’[27] The impact of media image on body satisfaction and self esteem has been the subject of a large body of research across areas such as eating disorders, sexualisation, smoking initiation and gender stereotyping as well as sun exposure. ‘Younger age groups, particularly females, appear to be more influenced by media images. By the age of 8, girls are aware of societal images of female beauty and the use of media images to compare self image with the media portrayal of ideal increase markedly between the ages of 8 – 12 and leads to dissatisfaction’[28]. Prior research indicates that celebrity role models such as Paris Hilton and Jessica Simpson who openly endorse the use of sunbeds do influence the tanning behaviors of teenage girls.
The table below indicates celebrities supporting or opposing sunbeds or tanning and celebrities reported to have had Skin Cancer (drawn from consumer media coverage) [29]
‘Since 2003, Cancer Research UK has managed the government-funded “Sunsmart” campaign, which aims to work with media and commercial organisations to communicate important messages about overexposure to UV light and to promote safe enjoyment of the sun.’[30] However, the funding available for this campaign is insufficient to the size of the problem, only £518,500 for England, Scotland and Wales in 2010. Greater funding to an overarching group focused on skin cancer would allow more targeted and coordinated messaging with campaigns and channels tailored to individual groups or situations for example, adolescents, the workplace, education in schools and outdoor sport and leisure activities.
‘Target setting has been an important driver for work prioritisation and planning for service providers. The first skin cancer prevention target was introduced in the UK, in 1992, in the White Paper Health of the Nation. This target aimed to halt the year-on-year increase in incidence of skin cancer by 2005. At that time there were about 28,000 cases of skin cancer registered each year . It was not met, as the incidence of skin cancer continues to increase. In 2006, 75,700 cases of skin cancer were registered in England alone. This increase in incidence has been rapid, indeed over the last twenty-five years, rates of malignant Melanoma in Britain have risen faster than any other cancer.’[31] This is a big impact on the NHS as the number of skin cancer sufferers is increasing every year. Funding is also a problem and a strain on the NHS, Morris and colleagues who work for the NHS estimated the cost of skin cancer in England alone in 2008, not including Wales and Scotland. They estimated that around £1,800 million is spent annually in the English NHS on Cancer. Furthermore they point out that skin cancer accounted for around 4% of the expenditure. In addition to core funding provided to SunSmart there are a number of other organisations delivering skin cancer prevention work across the country. These include: The British Association of Dermatologists skin cancer campaign, ScKin’s campaign, and numerous PCT and Local Authority ad hoc campaign.
A04
There are a number of strategies for minimising the actual potential impact on skin cancer. Skin cancer is increasing dramatically every year and is turning into a very serious public health issue. I have researched and found three government strategies which was put in place to decrease the number of young skin cancer sufferers.
Strategy 1
A ban on people aged under 18 using sunbeds came into force in Wales on 8th April 2011. The ban is designed to reduce the incidence of skin cancer by protecting under 18s from the danger of over exposure to ultra-violet radiation.
Further sunbed laws will come into force in Wales from 31st October 2011. The provisions of the Sunbeds (Regulation) Act 2010 — introduced as a Private Members Bill — will make it an offence for an operator of a sunbed business in England and Wales to allow, or offer, someone under the age of 18 to use or access sunbeds on their premises. ‘The proposed ban comes as research reported in today's British Medical Journal shows that more than 250,000 children aged 11-17 in England are thought to use sunbeds. It shows that up to half of all girls aged 15-17 in some areas undergo artificial tanning, which experts warn seriously increases the risk of malignant melanoma, the most aggressive form of skin cancer.
"We are determined to protect young people from the dangers of using sunbeds," said Merron. "Cancer Research UK's report clearly shows worrying levels of sunbed use by under-18s.’[32] The report confirms that voluntary action by the industry is not protecting young people, and points to the need to introduce legislation". A new law means that any tanning salon found letting under-18s use its beds from today faces a fine of up to £20,000.
Firstly, this strategy came as a strength, but eventually turned into a weakness and the majority of teenagers under 18 were using un-manned sunbed salons. For the first few months most sunbed manned salons were asking for age identity (ID), and from my own knowledge I know that many girls were turned away from using sunbeds, but this slowly became less strict as from my primary research many of their customers were under 18. It became noticeable that then under 18’s were attending the unmanned sunbed salons. There was then introduced another sunbed ban - the ban of un-manned sunbed salons, which then lightly strengthened this strategy, but it is not as successful as the government wish it could be. I have spoken to a range of teenagers under the age of 18, including two 15 year olds, which admitted to still using sunbeds, both manned and unmanned salons. Therefore, this strategy is not as powerful as it was when it was first introduced. Looking at this strategy as a whole, I feel there will be no change to the number of skin cancer sufferers. The media has a great impact on young girls to tan, therefore they will want to look good and have the ‘celebrity’ look, effects of the media can cause peer pressure on young girls in today‘s society.
Strategy 2
When the no under-18 sunbed ban was introduced by the UK government, there was nothing to stop under-18s using an unsupervised salon. Now the Welsh government is aiming to ensure young people will not have access to any sunbeds. New rules to combat skin cancer say businesses in Wales face fines of up to £5,000 if they provide unsupervised sunbeds. Unmanned coin-operated sunbeds have been banned across Wales as part of a drive to combat skin cancer.
‘The Welsh government was concerned that under-18s were still able to go to dozens of unsupervised salons with coin-operated machines. The regulations also catch businesses that operate from homes and places such as hotels that may not charge for their use or offer them as part of a package. In an attempt to fight against skin cancer, recent legislation has been passed in Wales to ban the use of unsupervised sunbeds. The new regulations also prohibit advertising sunbeds as beneficial for health, as well as stipulating that protective eyewear must be worn at all times when using the machines. After a three month long inquiry which has exposed the negative side of unsupervised tanning salons, the Welsh Assembly Government is now being urged by the AMs to sought power to ban these across Wales from Westminster. It has also been mentioned that under-18s should be prohibited from using these salons as they increase the risk of skin cancer.’[33]
The inquiry, which had led medical experts to demand tougher regulation for tanning salons, in particular coin-operated ones, has heard compelling evidence from parents all over the area, including one from a lady whose 14-year-old daughter had to be hospitalized for severe burns after spending 19 minutes in a coin operated tanning machine. ‘"Despite the fact that evidence suggests that sunbeds can cause skin cancer, tanning salons seem to have escaped effective regulation", said Clwyd West AM Darren Millar, committee chair. "Self regulation within the industry, while welcome, has failed to prevent some of the horror stories we have seen here in Wales where children as young as 10 have suffered serious burns using these unsupervised salons".’[34]
There are still un-manned sunbed salons in Wales that I have also encountered, so therefore the law is not really taking much action to owners of salons and yet they are not being caught and fined. The law is slowly fading away as now; people under 18 are still using sunbeds normally. I feel that the sunbed bans are not very strict and don’t stand out as a legislation, as none of the salons have been caught and fined. There will be no changes to the skin cancer suffers if the law stays as it is, and the numbers of skin cancer sufferers will still increase. I asked friends, family and the public what they actually thought about the sunbed ban and if they have noticed a change, 95% replied ‘no change at all’. This proves that nothing is going to change if something is not done about it soon.
Strategy 3
Another strategy used by the government is TV adverts, posters and hand outs about the importance of using sun cream to protect your skin. Also, shops have appealed against the government to cut VAT on sun cream to encourage people to buy it. We all enjoy the sun, but how we react to its rays varies from one individual to another.
The number of cases of skin cancer has doubled in the last 20 years. ‘The Australians launched a successful campaign: 'Slip,Slop,Slap', to reduce sun induced skin cancers, and it is a simple as: 'slip on a shirt, slop on sunscreen, and slap on a hat'. This has been successful and the UK took the Australian ‘Slip, slop, slap’ into consideration and tried to use it as a guideline to make a successful campaign in the UK. This helped educate people about the importance of their skin and the harm the sun can actually cause to it.’[35] We need to constantly watch out for our skin in the sun.
Some people - often those of us who have fair skin - need to take greater care than those who have slightly darker skin. Sunscreens work in different ways to protect us against the rays of the sun. They can have a chemical or physical sun filter or have a mixture of the two. Chemical filters penetrate the skin and absorb the sun's rays so they don't reach down into the lower layers of skin and cause damage. Physical filters lay a thin membrane on top of the skin that reflects the sun's rays back. A physical filter is often slightly coloured, such as zinc oxide which is white. A sun lotion that protects against both ultraviolet type B (UVB) radiation and ultraviolet type A (UVA) radiation offers the best protection. These creams are called 'broad spectrum' sunscreens. Some chemical filters only provide protection against the UVB radiation of the sun, while others protect against both UVB and UVA radiation. Physical sun filters protect against both the UVB and UVA rays of the sun.
If you are going to be out in the Sun for a long time you need to wear a sunscreen or sunblock. These lotions contain chemicals that absorb certain harmful rays of the Sun (ultraviolet rays), keeping them from penetrating your skin. This protection is important because these rays can hurt you, causing painful sunburns that damage the tissues beneath the surface of your skin. Damaging your skin's deep elastic layer makes it look old and wrinkled a lot earlier than it should. The most important thing to avoid when you're out in the Sun is cell damage that causes skin cancer. ‘Doctors have found that being in strong sunlight a lot (especially if you are fair) and having many sunburns-particularly when you are young-can cause real problems many years later. Skin cancers can develop and, when not treated quickly, spread to other parts of the body and be extremely dangerous. As sunscreens can't protect you from all of the sun's harmful rays, it is also wise to use clothing, hats, and sunglasses to cover up when sunlight is strong. In addition, it is a good idea to limit outdoor activities between the hours of 10 a.m. and 3 p.m., when the rays of the Sun are most intense. ‘[36]
Adverts and Posters have been introduced by the government to educate parents to cover up their children to improve their health and decrease the chances of skin damage or skin cancer.
Retailers and cancer charities have joined forces to lobby the government to slash VAT on sun protection products as part of a drive to help Britons stay safe and cut the UK's spiraling skin cancer rate. Amid concerns that cash-strapped families will skimp on sun cream this summer, the chemist chain Superdrug is leading the call for the products' current standard VAT rate of 17.5% to be scrapped in favour of a reduced levy of 5%. The campaign is backed by Cancer Research UK and the Teenage Cancer Trust, and more than 10,000 members of the public have supported the move by signing a petition. Skin cancer is the UK's fastest growing cancer and the second biggest killer of young men under the age of 35, according to the British Association of Dermatologists. ‘There are two main types of skin cancer: non-melanoma, which is very common, and malignant melanoma, which is less common but more serious. Currently, 100,000 people a year are diagnosed with skin cancer and more than 2,500 die from it. With 85% of skin cancer cases caused by sunburn, Cancer Research UK says the disease can be prevented if people protect their skin and seek early advice on "worrying" moles.’[37]
‘The use and purchase of children’s sun cream is greater than the purchase and use of adult sun cream, adults tend to use more oils and moisturizers to tan than protect their skin.’[38]
The protection of children and teenagers are increasing, but yet adults are still abusing their bodies and not protecting themselves. They should be role models and teach their children and others the right path to choose. This has worked well in the UK as in many stores and proved in my local stores there have been signs telling people that sun cream VAT has been cut. Education to young people to let them know the danger of over exposure has also taken a toll in the UK as I have sat a talk from a skin cancer research group worker, who told us the importance of using sun creams, what ones to use, what we could use for extra protection (t-shirts, hats and throw over’s). ‘In the Skin Cancer Visions for 2012, Professor Sir Mike Richards, National Clinical Director for Cancer and End of Life Care, acknowledged that the long-term Australian “SunSmart” campaign had been effective in reducing the rising incidence of melanoma. He agreed that similar campaigns in the UK are likely to lead to increased awareness, and may have similar results in promoting earlier detection of skin cancer (which in turn influences prognosis and outcomes such as fewer deaths and reduced scarring).’[39]
I feel that this has worked well in the UK and has educated many teenagers and young children. There are more articles in magazines warning children and teenagers about the dangers of sun tanning without protection. This has also worked well as teenagers are the main age group who read magazines and use sun tanning equipment. This way I feel there will be a decreased number of teenagers using sunbeds and more chance of using protection.
Researching about skin cancer has improved my knowledge on how dangerous skin cancer can be and how important it is to look after your body in the sun. I realise that skin cancer is a growing public health issue, and being pale myself, makes me aware I need to take great care when exposing myself in the sun. I have also been educated about what sun creams are best to use, what aren’t good to use, such as oils and no sun cream at all. Overall, I feel that skin cancer will still grow as the sunbed ban and education is still not good enough to stop young people from using them. Media is a big influence, depending on what magazine is read, as I have witnessed myself celebrities commenting on how good it is to be tanned. I have also recently seen more celebrities supporting the skin cancer awareness group such as Nicola Roberts, who was in the girl group ‘girls aloud’, and has been a great role model in the media and influenced girls to go for ‘the pale look‘. I
feel personally, the government could of made a better strategy, and could possibly make a better one in the future. Looking into the Australian ‘Slip,Slap,Slop’ campaign I feel that the UK didn’t take it into account or use it as a guideline, and therefore had a disappointing outcome with their strategies. I feel if they took the whole campaign into account and included the public they would have had a much better outcome and could possible reduce the amount of skin cancer sufferers.
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[2] Health and Social Care - Edexcel 2005 Mark Walsh
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[14] Power point NHS skin cancer awareness
[15] http://info.cancerresearchuk.org/cancerstats/types/skin/incidence/uk-skin-cancer-incidence-statistics
[16] SCUK (suncareUK) power point
[17] http://info.cancerresearchuk.org/cancerstats/types/skin/incidence/uk-skin-cancer-incidence-statistics
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[20] http://info.cancerresearchuk.org/cancerstats/types/skin/incidence/uk-skin-cancer-incidence-statistics#Malignant
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[22] http://info.cancerresearchuk.org/cancerstats/types/skin/riskfactors/sunbeds
[23] http://info.cancerresearchuk.org/cancerstats/types/skin/riskfactors/sun
[24] http://info.cancerresearchuk.org/cancerstats/types/skin/riskfactors/hsitory
[25] http://www.cieh.org/policy/skin_cancer.html
[26] http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/13010326
[27] http://www.britannica.com/bps/additionalcontent/18/50441772/Effects-of-Media-Images-on-
[28] Bessenof, 2006; Dohnt & Tiggemann, 2006
[29] http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/live/11871/49668/49668.pdf
[30] www.sunsmart.co.uk/info/skincancer
[31] www.nhs.co.uk/skincancer
[32] http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/13010326
[33] http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-2080578/Sunbed-ban-halt-toll-skin-cancer-40s.html
[34] http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/7899199.stm
[35] http://www.sunsmart.com.au/news_and_media/media_campaigns
[36] http://www.rn-guide-to-skin-care.com/Why-Sunscreen-Is-Important.html
[37] http://www.ncin.org.uk/publications/data_briefings/skin_cancer_registration.aspx
[38] http://www.epa.gov/sunwise/doc/sunscreen.pdf
[39] PDF powerpoint - skin cancer awareness
