Postmodernism
Postmodernism focuses on rapid change and uncertainty in society “chaos”. Postmodernists believe that the notion of truth is an illusion and is misused by people and groups with special interests to gain power over others. They claim that facts are too limiting to determine everything they say 'what is fact today can change tomorrow.'
The New Right
The new right believe that the welfare of people was not the full responsibility of the government, they believed that the responsibility was the individuals and their family. They regarded state support as intrusive. They said that people needed to be independent and take responsibility for their own welfare and themselves and also believed that people should support their selves.
P2
Ruth Fouracre
Charlotte Davies
Describe the concepts of health
There are three concepts of health, these three concepts are; holistic, negative and positive.
Holistic health doesn't just focus on the body it focuses on the mind and spirit as well and doesn't see them as separate parts . It only promotes surgery and medicines when it's absolutely essential and there are no other solutions. It look for underlying symptoms instead of covering the symptoms up with medicines. Holistic health see's the mind, body and spirit as being intertwined with each other and if there is something wrong with the one it will affect the others. With holistic health there can be many different treatment approaches.
A negative concept of health is the view that being healthy is the absence of illness which is not having and symptoms of disease, pain or distress. People with this view believe good health is normal and take it for granted. They think that they don't need to take any action to keep fit and healthy and don't think of themselves as ill when they have colds, headaches or feel tired or depressed. A negative concept of health also means we shouldn't feel ill unless we have an actual physical ailment.
A positive concept of health is believing that being health is a state achieved by continuous effort. People believe this take active steps to maintain their health. They take credit for absence from disease and blame their selves if they become ill. The concept of positive health also refers to the physical, intellectual, emotional and social well-being of an individual rather than the absence of disease.
The World Health Organisation (WHO) define health as -
Health is a state of complete positive physical, mental, and social well-being
and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. (Preamble to the Constitution of the World Health Organization, 1946)
P3
Ruth Fouracre
Charlotte Davies
Describe the biomedical and socio-medical models of health
Biomedical Model of Health
The biomedical model of health is used to bring down the number of morbidity and premature mortality rates. This model is the predominant model which is used by physicians in diagnosing diseases it's been used since the 19th century. The biomedical model looks at parts of the body that might work together to make sure we maintain good health. The body is seen as a machine and when part of it goes wrong it needs to be fixed in order for it to work again. It particularly looks at the biological causes of disease and ill health. The main focus of this model is the actual person not the social and emotional process of the individual. Its aim is to identify people who may be at risk of a disease. Another focus of the model is to treat diseases rather than prevent them. The biomedical model states than anyone who doesn't have a disease, pain or defect is healthy. This approach to health is used mainly in the Western World. It's a popular approach because it uses scientific methods, the treatment and care for people is cheaper, expert knowledge is used to achieve the results and peoples health has been improved from this approach.
The Socio-medical Model of Health
The socio-medical model of health focuses on the social factors that contributes to health and well being in society. This model looks at how society and our environment affect our everyday health and well-being e.g. poor housing and poverty are more likely to cause respiratory problems such as asthma. The factors it looks at include factors such as; social class, occupation, poor diet, poor housing and poverty. The socio model aims to encourage better housing and introduce programmes to tackle poverty as a solution.
P4
Ruth Fouracre
Charlotte Davies
Describe different concepts of ill health
Disability
I think a disability is - A disability is something that stops a person from being able to do every day tasks.
The World Health Organisation define disability as -
any restriction or lack (resulting from any impairment) of ability to perform an activity in the manner or within the range considered normal for a human being”
http://hcdg.org/definition.htm
Disability: the loss or limitation of opportunities to take part in
society on an equal level with others due to social
and environmental barriers.
http://www.leeds.ac.uk/disability-studies/archiveuk/Northern%20Officers%20Group/defining%20impairment%20and%20disability.pdf
People with a disability might include:
- People who are blind or partially sighted
- people who have learning disabilities
- people who are deaf or have a hearing impairment
- people with a physical disability
- people with long term illnesses
- people with mental health difficulties
Impairment
I think a impairment is something that doesn't necessarily stop a person from doing something but limits certain tasks.
: to damage or make worse by or as if by diminishing in some material respect <his health was impaired by overwork> <the strike seriously impaired community services>
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/impairment
Impairment: an injury, illness, or congenital condition that
causes or is likely to cause a loss or difference of
physiological or psychological function
http://www.leeds.ac.uk/disability-studies/archiveuk/Northern%20Officers%20Group/defining%20impairment%20and%20disability.pdf
An example of an impairment is being visually impaired, this is when a person isn't completely blind but has problems with their eye sight resulting in using a aid such as glasses.
Disease
An interruption, cessation, or disorder of a body, system, or organ structure or function. Syn: illness, morbus, sickness
http://dictionary.webmd.com/terms/disease
A disease is something that stops the body functioning properly and can cause a person to become really ill.
A disease is any disturbance or anomaly in the normal functioning of the body that probably has a specific cause and identifiable symptoms.
http://www.ict-science-to-society.org/pathogenomics/disease.htm
Iatrogenesis
Clinical Iatrogenesis is a disease caused through the effects of treatment by a surgeon or physician.
Induced in a patient by a physician's activity, manner, or therapy. Used especially of an infection or other complication of treatment.
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Iatrogenesis
Social Iatrogenesis
Social iatrogenes is a term referring to sickness produced by medical activity. It is the process through which medical practice enhances sickness by strengthening a morbid society and encouraging people to become consumers of curative, preventive, industrial and environmental medicine. It is obtained when medical bureaucracy creates ill health by increasing stress, by multiplying disabling dependence, by lowering the levels of tolerance of discomfort, by reducing the leeway that people are will not concede to an individual when he suffers, and by abolishing the right to self-care. It is at work when healthful is turned into a standardised item; when all suffering is hospitalised and homes become inhospitable to birth, sickness and death iatrogenesis literally means doctor-generated. The term was introduced into social science by Ivan Illich in 1976, as part of his more general attack on industrial society.
http://uk.ask.com/what-is/what_is_social_iatrogenesis
Cultural Iatrogenesis
Cultural iatrogenesis implies that societies weaken the will of their members, by paralysing ‘healthy responses to suffering, impairment and death’. Here, the whole culture becomes ‘overmedicalized’, with doctors assuming the role of priest, and political and social problems entering the medical domain.
Must we take a pill for every ache, every sad mood, every stomach upset, have surgery for our stiff joints or myopia? Or can we not learn how to live with the frailties of the flesh? Must we expend all our treasure in an ineluctably futile fight against death, or do we not benefit by facing our mortality with equanimity?
http://www.funtrivia.com/askft/Question96186.html
The Sick Role
The term 'sick role' was coined by the researcher Talcott Parsons in the early 1950s. The term 'sick role' is used to describe the social behaviours of people who are sick and the people around them. The theory states that people who are sick are subjected to social norms, which state that they have both rights and obligations that they must fulfil. The theory also states the rights a sick person has are they are allowed to refrain from participating in events, they don't have to go to work and do social activities because they are ill. Parsons believed that generally speaking society didn't hold people personally responsible for getting sick.
Patterns of behavior expected of one who is sick--this role often exempts the person from their normal role obligations.
http://sociology.socialsciencedictionary.com/Sociology-Dictionary/SICK_ROLE
Clinical Iceberg
The clinical iceberg is a term used to describe the large amount of unreported illness and disease. A lot of people don't go to the doctors when they are ill and this leads to a lot of illness going unreported. The medical statistics by doctors always create information about disease which are used on government healthcare policies but there are a number of illnesses and diseases that aren't reported, so the statistics are 100% accurate.
Clinical Iceberg is a term used to describe the large amount of illnesses that go unreported. For example, Medical Statistics are created based on information from the doctors, these statistics go on to make government policies on healthcare.
According to Last (1963) as much as 94% of illness is not reported to doctors.
It is the vast amount of unreported illnesses that are known as the 'Clinical Iceberg'
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_clinical_iceberg
Bibliography
http://hcdg.org/definition.htm
http://www.leeds.ac.uk/disability-studies/archiveuk/Northern%20Officers%20Group/defining%20impairment%20and%20disability.pdf
http://uk.ask.com/what-is/what_is_social_iatrogenesis
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Iatrogenesis
http://uk.ask.com/what-is/what_is_iatrogenesis
http://www.funtrivia.com/askft/Question96186.html
http://sociology.socialsciencedictionary.com/Sociology-Dictionary/SICK_ROLE
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_clinical_iceberg
P5
Ruth Fouracre
Charlotte Davies
Compare patterns and trends of health and illness in three different social groups
