Identify and explain the features of the Late Qing Reform in 1901-1911.

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Identify and explain the features of the Late Qing Reform in 1901-1911.

        

        The Late Qing Reform was officially introduced by the Empress Dowager Cixi in response to the Eight Powers Expedition in 1900.  It was the only reform supported by the Empress.  People were disappointed by the weakness of the Manzhus and turned towards the revolutionaries.  To the Manzhus, the reform was to stop the trend of decentralization and the spread of revolutionary ideas.  They aim to prolong the Manzhu rule.  The Late Qing Reform was a radical and complete reorganization in China which included institutional changes in education, administration, military and in the society.  It was the first time China introduced institutional changes.  The reform even promised a constitution in nine years.  

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        In 1908, the Qing court promised the people China was to be ruled by a constitution in 1917.  In 1905, the Russo-Japanese was revealed to the Chinese the effectiveness of a constitution.  To the Chinese, the “victory of Japan over Russia are the victory of constitutionism over monarchism” as said by Chang Chien.  In order to pacify the people, it announced a nine-year programme of constitutional preparation was announced and provincial and national assemblies were to be set up.  It promised China was to be ruled by a constitution in 1917.  In 1911, a cabinet consisting of thirteen members ...

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