passage of oxygen (air) through the body into the bloodstream
b) Ribs, rib muscles, diaphragm and abdominal muscles, which form the actual mechanics of breathing.
Breathing is also defind as the movement of air in and out of the lungs by inspiration (inhalation) and expiration (exhalation), essentially controlled by the nervous system and done without any conscious effort. It involves External respiration, transportation, internal respiration and cellular respiration.
a) External - the exchange of oxygen from the air with carbon dioxide in the blood that takes place within the alveoli in the lungs.
b) Transportation - method of carriage for oxygen and carbon dioxide that is performed by the pulmonary circulation.
c) Internal - ensures that oxygenated blood gets to the cells so that exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide can take by method of diffusion
d) Cellular - the utilisation of oxygen in cells and production of Carbon Dioxide
3 Circulatory
the circulatory sysetm consists of the blood, the heart, and the blood vessels. The blood is the transport mechanism for oxygen and nurtrients to reach the bodies cells. It is also how waste is carried away. The blood also transports hormones that control other bodily processes along with germ fighting antibodies. allf of this of course is controlled by the heart which is the organ that essentially keeps the system going
4. Digestive
Food is the fule by wich we live and gives us the energy required on a daily basis for working, playing etc... It also supplies us with the materials needed for the production and growth of new cells. However this would not be possible without the digestive system to break down the food and transport it throughout our body through the circulatory system
The main part of the Digestive System is the Digestive Tract which isa 9m tube like organ that travels through the centre of our bodies starting at the mouth and finishing at the anus. The organs encountered in the Digestive System are the Mouth, Oesophagus, stomach, pancreas, gall bladder, small intestine, Liver, large intestine and finally the rectum and anus.
5. Endocrine
This system is made up of Endocrine Glands that arise during the development of 3 embryologi tissues (Endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm) and the Endcrine glands relese chemical messages (otherwise known as hormones) which are passed through the blood and sent to individual organs that contain the appropriate receptor cells. These hormones are grouped into Steroid, Peptide and Amines.
The Endocrine System regulates physiological funtion through cycle and negative feedback which aids the maintenance of physiological and homeostatic control.
The main organs (or glands) would include the Pirtuitary (or Master) Gland, Hypotholamas and also the Pineal, Thyroid, Parathyroids, Thymus, Adrenals, Isle of
Langerhans located in the Pancreas, and in women the Ovary and in men the Testes.
6. Reproductive
Survival of the species is the main function of the Reproductive Sysetm. Other systems cover the survival of the individual however for a species to survive as a whole requires the production of offspring which in turn involves 4 particular functions.
a) Production of egg/sperm cells
b) Transportation and sustainance of these cells
c) Nurturing and development of offspring
d) production of hormones
These inturn can be split into primary and secondary or reproductive and accessory organs.
Primary/Gonads cosnist of ovary/testes responsible for sperm/egg cell production, hormone production which also functions in the matruing of the
reproductive system
Secondary/Accessory which include ducts, glands which transport and sustain gametes and nuture developing offspring.
7. Nervous
The nervous system can be broken into 3 systgems, the Central Nervous System, The Peripheral Nervous System and the Autonomic Nervous System. The Cenral System incorporates the brain and spinal cord. The Peripheral System which contains cranial and spinal nerves takes nerves which link the various parts of
the body with the Central System, and the Peripheral System is furher broken down ito Senosry and Afferent Nerves, which transfer message from the sensory
organs to the Central System and then the motor and efferent nerves relay messages from the Central System to muscles and organs in order to create a
response. finally the Autonomi System wich is made up of sympathetic and parasympathetic systems which work in opposition so that the sympathetic side
prepares the body for action and the parasympathetic system prepares the body for rest.
All these systems as a whole form a network which is responsible for aiding the maintenance of homeostasis which gives a steady sate of balance..
The nervous system itself is made up of nerve tissue which consist of cells known as Neurons, which are unique to the nervous system
8. Integumentary
This system is what provides the body with its waterproof outer covering that is both resilient and flexible contriubting to our unique and individual personal appearance. This system also supports the "Excretory System" in the removeal of waste. Skin, fingenails, toenails and hair make up the system from which surface level waste is discarded. The skin acts as the persons protection and provides removal of sweat and dead cells which contain waste products. It should also be noted that hair and fingernails etc.. are actualy the buiild up of dead epidermal cells and as more cells die and are removed the more hair and nails will grow. The skin also has other functions which inlcude body temperature regulation, sensation, immunity, synthesization of Vitamin D
9. Lymphatic (Immunity)
This system is the bodies defence against invasion by disease causing factors such as viruses, bacteria and fungal infection and this system consists of Bone Marrow, spleen, thymus gland, lymph nodes, tonsils, appendix. The system contains a network of vessels that aid the circulation of body fluids and they transport excess fluid away from inerstitial areas in the body tissue to return it to the bloodstream. Also Lymphatic vesses prevent reverse flow of the lymph fluid and has lymph nodes which act as a filter for destroyed micro-organisms.
10. Muscular
The Muscular System is made up of different typs of tissue, all responsible for some form of movement. Muscles are like engines and produce force to enable movement of internal and external parts of the body. This is aided by nutrients carried to them via the blood from the Digestive System. The muscles fall into the following categories, Cardiac, Visceral, Skeletal. There are 2 types of movement in the Muscular System, voluntary and involuntary, which of course is voluntray ` by choice and involunatry without thinking
11. Urinary (Genito-Urinary)
The Urinary tract is the system involved in the formatin and expulsion of Urine. Produced by the kidneys during the filtration of waste products from the blood. The waste products when combined with water are urine, which is then passed out of the kidneys through two narrow tubes called ureters. This is then emptied into the bladder and finally excreted from the body through the uretha
The principal function of this system is to maintain the body fluids within normal limits which involves ridding the body of waste products that have gathered through cellular metabolism which is why it is sometimes referred to as the Excretory System. It's function also includes regulation of electrolytes in bodily fluid and the maintenance of a normal pH level in the blood also in addtion to maintaining homeostatis, the Urinary System aids the control of red blood cell production by way of secreting Erythropoietin hormone and finally helps to maintain normal blood pressure by the secretion of the Renin Enzyme
