Finally, I'm going to describe what NATO is; NATO stands for the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation. NATO is an international organisation which brings together the armies of various countries, including Britain and the United States. It was formed in 1949, after the end of the Second World War. NATO member countries agree that if any one country is attacked, the other countries will come to help them. It's hoped this will stop military attacks on any NATO country. The aim of NATO is to ensure that its member countries don't fight each other, and that instead they use their forces to work together for world peace. The impacts the NATO has on the UK public services are: political and military force; peace-keeping and policing roles and security issues at world summit.
(http://news.bbc.co.uk/cbbcnews/hi/find_out/guides/world/nato/newsid_2749000/2749475.stm)
The Geneva Convention refers to several treaties agreed upon by the international community regarding the fair treatment of prisoners of war, civilians in a war-afflicted country and the treatment of the injured during wartime. The first Geneva International Conference took place in 1863, and was a response to the founding of the International Red Cross. The United States signed the Second Convention, which occurred in 1882. The second convention extended the protection of the first convention to wounded combatants at sea and shipwrecked sailors. The Third Geneva Convention was convened in 1929 and resulted in specific protections for prisoners of war. The Fourth Geneva Convention was signed in 1949. This convention reaffirmed the requirements of the first three conventions and provided protections for civilians during wartime. It was largely inspired initially by the written work of Henri Dunant, and his humanitarian efforts during the Battle of Solferino in Italy. The basic principals of the Geneva Convention also extend in particular to treating wounded soldiers at sea. Further, hospitals must be marked with a red cross and in plain sight so they will not be attacked. More particulars exist, but primarily these treaties exist so that captured or wounded soldiers can be treated humanely, and without prejudice.
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The Universal Declaration of is a document which was drafted by the Commission on Human Rights after the close of the Second World War. The document was intended to more clearly define the “rights” mentioned in the charter of the United Nations, while also providing a clear and general definition of human rights for all member nations. The Declaration has since been translated into over 300 languages, and it is very widely referenced all over the world. One of the champions of the document was Eleanor Roosevelt, who sat as Chairwoman on the Commission when the document was drafted. Roosevelt also contributed a substantial amount of text to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. On 10 December 1948, the document was officially ratified by 48 member nations, while eight abstained from voting. The Declaration is intended to promote equality and liberty, and it includes a number of articles which focus on basic legal protections, such as the right to a fair trial. Women, children, and families are also addressed in several articles, because these groups face specific issues. In addition, Article 29 indicates that humans and governments have responsibilities to each other, to ensure that human rights are preserved and protected.
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The European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms is a treaty signed in 1950 by the then members of the Council of Europe. In this way, it predates the European Communities and Union and arises from a quite different organisation. The two are linked; however, in that adherence to the Convention is now effectively a condition of membership of the EU. Additionally, the European Court of Justice refers to the Convention which influences its decisions, even though the EU is not a member of the Convention.
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The Human Rights Act 1998 gives further legal effect in the UK to the fundamental rights and freedoms contained in the European Convention on Human Rights. These rights not only impact matters of life and death, they also affect the rights you have in your everyday life: what you can say and do your beliefs, your right to a fair trial and other similar basic entitlements. Most rights have limits to ensure that they do not unfairly damage other people's rights. However, certain rights – such as the right not to be tortured – can never be limited by a court or anybody else. If you are in a situation in which you believe that your human rights are being violated, it's advisable to see if the problem can be resolved without going to court by using mediation or an internal complaints body. Where you believe your rights have not been respected and you cannot resolve the problem outside court, you are entitled to bring a case before the appropriate court or tribunal in the UK. The court or tribunal will then consider your case.
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Human rights violations occur when actions done by a state (or non-state) actors abuse, ignore, or deny basic human rights (including civil, political, cultural, social, and economic rights). Furthermore, violations of human rights can occur when any state or non-state actor breaches any part of the UDHR treaty or other international human rights or humanitarian law. Wars of aggression, war crimes and crimes against humanity, including genocide, are breaches of International humanitarian law and represent the most serious of human rights violations. Violations exist in every part of the world. For example, Amnesty International’s 2009 World Report and other sources show that individuals are: tortured or abused in at least 81 countries; Face unfair trials in at least 54 countries; Restricted in their freedom of expression in at least 77 countries. International Institutions collect evidence and documentation of alleged human rights abuses and apply pressure to enforce human rights laws. In efforts to eliminate violations of human rights, building awareness and protesting inhumane treatment has often led to calls for action and sometimes improved conditions. The UN Security Council has interceded with peace keeping forces, and other states and treaties (NATO) have intervened in situations to protect human rights.
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Some international institutions such as; NATO has no effect in the British public service whatsoever. NATO is an international organization created in 1949 by the North Atlantic Treaty for purposes of collective security. NATO has no effect in the British public service whatsoever.
