Strength coursework.

Strength coursework The common definition of strength is the ability to exert force against a resistance. In most team sports the resistance you are working against is your own body weight, and although you are not using your maximum strength, you do need to keep working for long periods of time. In other activities, such as weightlifting you are applying more force and working to maximum. This type of strength is different to the strength needed for a sprinter to explode from the blocks. This implies that there are different types of strength and these different classifications of strength are specific for different activities. The classifications of strength are: * Maximum strength - This is the greatest force the neuromuscular system is capable of exerting in a single maximum voluntary contraction. Men tend to be able to exert a greater maximum strength than women because they have a larger muscle mass - the greater the cross-sectional area of the muscle, the greater the force that can be generated. Fibre type also affects strength. For example, fast glycolytic fibres are able to produce more force than slow oxidative fibres. Some muscle groups are stronger than others, not only because of their size, but also because of the shape of the muscle. The fusiform muscle shape, for example the biceps allows most movement, the multipennate shape such as the deltoid provides

  • Word count: 3318
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Physical Education (Sport & Coaching)
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sports nutrition

Unit 12: sports nutrition Plan a diet Having a balanced diet is key for making our body function at its maximum eating to much of the same food group can be bad for our health so it is important we eat the right amounts of food and equal amounts of it. You need to have a mixture of all seven nutrients; Carbohydrates Fats Proteins Water Fibre Vitamins Minerals Having a mixture of all of these will make the body a lot more healthier and reduce the risk of illness and make your body in a healthier state which has its benefits such as better skin, you don't feel as tired, more energy, keep your weight in constant check and improve your immune system helping fight off illnesses, and it can even help reduce the risk of a number of diseases, including: Heart disease Strokes Cancer Diabetes Osteoporosis Carbohydrates are key in a balanced diet our major source of nutrients and calories. Carbohydrates should provide between 50 and 60 per cent of your calorie intake. Your body needs carbohydrates like a car needs petrol it wouldn't work without it. There are two types of carbohydrates complex and simple, complex are such foods as potatoes and wheat as they are high in starch these give you more energy in the long run but the body takes longer to break them down, athletes would normally take this the night before a event. Simple carbohydrates are things high in sugar

  • Word count: 4072
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Physical Education (Sport & Coaching)
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Muscle fibre types.

Laura Cwiklinski January 2002 Portfolio Piece Muscle Fibre Types There are three different types of muscle fibre found within the body. Each has a specific set of characteristics that determine the type of activity that a person will be much more able and capable of performing. The three types of muscle found within the body are: -Slow oxidative fibres (SO) -Fast oxidative glycolytic fibres (FOG) -Fast glycolytic fibres (FG) Every muscle contains all three types but not in equal proportions. You will only find one fibre in any one given motor unit. Type 1: Slow Oxidative Fibres The nerve impulse travels slowly to the muscle fibre because the myelin sheath is thin. Slow twitch fibres do not produce as much force as fast twitch fibres. They can however, have high levels of endurance. Slow twitch fibres are far more suited to aerobic work. They contain mitochondria and myoglobin, and have lots of blood capillaries. They have necessary enzymes to help break down fat and carbohydrate to carbon dioxide and water. It is a slower process than releasing energy anaerobically but it doesn't produce any fatiguing by-products. Type 2: Fast Oxidative Glycolytic Fibres. The motor neurone stimulating this fibre has a thicker myelin sheath than the slow twitch fibre, so it can contract more quickly and exert more

  • Word count: 1213
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Physical Education (Sport & Coaching)
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The Layers of the Vertebrate Gut, Their Function In Different Parts of the Gut and in Different Animals

The Layers of the Vertebrate Gut, Their Function In Different Parts of the Gut and in Different Animals For the purposes of the essay the gut is considered to start from the gastroesophageal junction and terminates at the anus. The gut layers are described and their functions in different parts of the gut discussed, beginning at the gastroesophageal junction and working downward through the gastrointestinal tract. Description and discussion of the human and mammalian gut predominates, as it is these animals that have been most studied, but variations in different groups of vertebrates have been included where possible. A cross-section through the gut reveals four separate main layers with each layer performing a functionally distinct role (Fig. 1). Some layers remain relatively unchanged throughout the entire length of the tract whilst other layers are adapted for different functions in different regions of the gut. The inner mucosa is the most variable layer and is sub-divided into three further layers (1) the innermost epithelial lining adjoining the lumen of the tract (2) the lamina propria, a layer of fibrous connective tissue usually containing abundant blood and lymphatic capillaries that enable efficient secretion and absorption at the mucosal surface. It may also contain glands, lymph nodules and diffuse smooth muscle fibres (3) the muscularis mucosae, a number

  • Word count: 1924
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Physical Education (Sport & Coaching)
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Respertory system

Anatomy Assignment 3 Cardiovascular and Respiratory System Cardiovascular System Introduction: The Heart is made up of a powerful muscle called Myocardium. The Myocardium is composed of cardiac muscle fibbers that contracts and causes a wringing type of action. The size of you heart is a little larger than the size of your fist. The location of the heart is about left-centre of your chest. The heart is two separate pumps that continuously send blood throughout the body carrying nutrients, oxygen, and helping remove harmful wastes. The right side of the heart receives blood low in oxygen. The left side of the heart receives blood that has been oxygenated by the lungs. The blood is then pumped out into the Aorta and to all parts of the body. Many people say that Arteries carry oxygenated blood and the Venues carry deoxygenated but there is and exception for each Pulmonary Vein is the other exception as it carries oxygenated blood so its fare to say that Venues carry blood to the heart and the Arteries carry blood around the body. The Heart Diagram above and the information that follows will give a better understanding of the heart structure and how the blood circulates through the heart. Here is a diagram of the heart with the all the labelling to tell you what each part of the heart is: Right Atrium: The Right Atrium is larger than the Left Atrium but has thinner walls.

  • Word count: 1308
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Physical Education (Sport & Coaching)
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Multiple sclerosis functional composite

Multiple sclerosis functional composite Multiple sclerosis (MS) patients have to take three tests. The tests indicate how badly the patients are affected by the disease, and how severe the symptoms are. The tests are taken every year, to see whether or not the patients have improved. Timed 25 foot walk First test that the MS patients have to take is a "timed 25 foot walk": * The patient is directed one end of a clearly marked 25 foot course and is instructed to walk 25 feet as quickly as possible * The task is immediately administered again by having the patient walk back the same distance * The patients are told to do 2 trails to gain accurate and reliable results Materials needed * Stop watch * Clipboard * Timed 25 foot walk record form * Marked 25 foot distance in an unobstructed hallway * Assistive device 3 minutes (180 seconds) per trial. Any circumstances that may have affected the patients performance during the walk has to be recorded. * The patient had a cold or reports, not feeling well * The patient tripped but did not fall. There are factors that may have affected the trail but were not severe enough to necessitate repetition of the trail. 9 hole peg test The 9 hole peg test is a measure of upper extremity (arm and hand) function. It is the second component of the multiple sclerosis functional composite to be administered. Both the dominant and

  • Word count: 1852
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Physical Education (Sport & Coaching)
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Cross-country skiing In the following paragraphs I am going to explain what energy systems and fitness components are in use

Cross-country skiing In the following paragraphs I am going to explain what energy systems and fitness components are in use for the movements that I have briefly written about in the introduction paragraphs, I am also going to go into more detail about the energy systems and the fitness components used within the sport of cross-country skiing. Cross-country skiing is basically a walking movement, which as the performer improves, progressively gets faster before turning into more of a run, so this means that as mentioned before the muscles used for the activity are both the upper and lower body. Having endurance is having an ability to maintain physical activity for extended periods of time, endurance is also sometimes referred to as stamina. Endurance or stamina sports require the athlete to have a good level of aerobic fitness. As mentioned before, the aerobic energy system is the one mainly used for the activity of cross-country skiing so this makes it primarily an endurance event. Aerobic Energy System Aerobic means 'with oxygen'. During aerobic work the body is working at a level that the demands for oxygen and fuel can be met by the body's intake. The only waste products formed are carbon dioxide and water. These are removed as sweat and by breathing out.

  • Word count: 1109
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Physical Education (Sport & Coaching)
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Observe three contrasting sporting activities and produce a movement analysis checklist to identify the relevant muscles, joints and bones.

Task 2 - By Barry Holloway Observe three contrasting sporting activities and produce a movement analysis checklist to identify the relevant muscles, joints and bones. The chosen sport to cover is swimming in which I will be analysing the breaststroke, the front crawl and the butterfly strokes. Sporting Action - Butterfly The butterfly technique with the dolphin kick consists of synchronous arm movement with a synchronous leg kick. Good technique is crucial to swim this style effectively. The wave-like body movement is also very significant, as this is the key for an easy synchronous over water recovery and breathing. In the initial position, the swimmer lies on the breast, the arms are stretched to the front, and the legs are extended to the back. Phase - Upper body Muscles Used - Pectoralis, triceps, Rectus abdominals, Trapezius, Latissimus dorsi, Flexors and extensors of the wrist and hand, deltoids, platysma, Iliacus, obliques. Contractions Used - Deltoids are concentric coming out of the water, eccentric going into the water. 2 Triceps - eccentric contraction 3 Biceps - concentric contraction 4 Wrist flexors - are using an isotonic flexion contraction. 5 Pectoralis - concentric contraction 6 Rectus Abdominals - Eccentric coming out of the water, concentric going into the water. 7 Trapezius - Eccentric coming out of the water, concentric going into the

  • Word count: 1959
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Physical Education (Sport & Coaching)
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Investigating Muscle Contraction

Investigating Muscle Contraction Purpose: To investigate how different solutions influence the muscle contractions on muscle fibers of chicken. Hypothesis: I think that when water is added there will be little expansion in the muscle, when glucose is added little contraction and when ATP is added the most contraction. I think this because muscle contraction is related to the amount of energy the muscle receives. ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is a product of glucose respiration. It is a high-energy bond and has a very short halftime of half a second. Muscle expansion is in one way related with the amount of water the muscle receives because the cells absorb the water and therefore expand. Variables: Independent variable: Water, Glucose, ATP (adenosine triphosphate) Dependent variable : Change in length of chicken muscle fiber Controlled variable : Temperature, Same source of chicken, same age of chicken, same circumstances, same treatment of chicken Uncontrolled variable: Length and width of Chicken muscle fiber Materials: * Muscle fibers * Millimeter graph paper * 3 glass slides * 3 droppers * Distilled water * Glucose solution * ATP solution * Stop clock * Blunt mounted needles * Petri dish Method: . Place the muscle fiber on a glass slide. Place the slide on the piece of graph paper. 2. Use the mounted needles to straighten the fibre

  • Word count: 974
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Physical Education (Sport & Coaching)
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How do the sensitivity of the muscles in the back Vary as the distance of the prong gets less.

How do the sensitivity of the muscles in the back Vary as the distance of the prong gets less Plan: my experiment is to test how sensitive the muscles in the back can be and how well they can detect the number of prongs touching them from the hair pin which will decrease in size by 2mm each turn I will test each person one but with 10 sets of results from the tests which will be 10mm, 8mm, 6mm, 4mm and 2mm. I want to see if the size of the muscle contributes to the sensitivity of it. The muscles that I will be testing are: Trapezius muscle (fairly sensitive) Deltoid muscle (sensitive) Infrasprinatas muscle (sensitive) Latissimus dorsi muscle (not sensitive) Gluteus medias muscle (sensitive) Apparatus: I think that the larger the muscle the less sensitive it is likely to be this is because the nerve endings will be further apart so the muscles will not be able to detect the smaller distances of the prongs. Whereas the smaller muscles will have nerve endings closer to each other and I think they will be a lot more sensitive to the prongs. I think this is going to happen because there are a certain number of nerve endings spread throughout your muscles therefore the larger muscles will need to have greater numbers of nerve endings to be as sensitive as the smaller muscles with less nerve endings. My predictions to how sensitive the muscles are shown in brackets in the

  • Word count: 723
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Physical Education (Sport & Coaching)
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