If a swimmer is concerned about their weight, generally for performance and health reasons. It is possible to alter your body composition by exercise and a correct diet. There are three methods of assessing your body fat and lean body mass skinfold callipers, bioelectrical impedance and hydrodensitometry. Skinfold calliper uses callipers to measure skinfold thickness at several areas of your body. The measurements are used to calculate percentage of body fat. Bioelectrical impedance is another good way to measure fat percentages they work by measuring the resistance of body tissue to the flow of a small electrical signal. The longer the electrical signal takes the more fat percentage you carry. The last method and the most accurate is the hydrodensitometry this is where the athlete gets submerged under water, this measure the body’s density.
A swimmer will tend to have a healthy body weight. Body weight is usually measured in kilograms and it’s you’re lean body mass and body fats. Lean body mass includes the bones, muscle, water and organ tissue. Whereas body fat includes your essential and non essential fat stores.
If a swimmer wants to measure their energy expenditure they will use a direct and indirect calorimetry. Direct calorimetry measures the amount of heat produced by the body it uses expensive chambers. Indirect calorimetry estimates the heat production by measuring oxygen and carbon dioxide production.
Energy intake and expenditure in football
Footballers get there energy from food they eat. Food can be measured in calories, joules, kilocalories and kilojoules. Calories measure energy, especially heat energy. One calorie is the energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius and a kilocalorie is equal to 1,000 calories. A joule is most commonly used to measure energy, one joule moves a mass of 1g at 1 metre per second and a kilojoule is equal to 1,000 joules.
An ideal football player requires 55 – 60% of their daily calorie intake from carbohydrates, 15 % from proteins and 30 % from fat. This is because football is a stop and go sport with short burst of intense effort followed by rest. Therefore the primary fuel for football is carbohydrates and if the body burns all the carbohydrate storage the body will use fat as an energy source.
A footballer body composition should be in-between mesomorph and ectomorph. Body composition is used to classify an individual’s body shape and size. There are three body types, even though an individual will not fit in the body type perfectly it is still an excellent method. The three body composition is ectomorph, endomorph and mesomorph. The reason why footballers fit in-between mesomorph and ectomorph is because football is a contact sport so you need strength in your upper body but you will also need to maintain speed and agility, so a less amount of body fat is needed.
If a footballer is concerned about their weight, generally for performance and health reasons. It is possible to alter your body composition by exercise and a correct diet. There are three methods of assessing your body fat and lean body mass skinfold callipers, bioelectrical impedance and hydrodensitometry. Skinfold calliper uses callipers to measure skinfold thickness at several areas of your body. The measurements are used to calculate percentage of body fat. Bioelectrical impedance is another good way to measure fat percentages they work by measuring the resistance of body tissue to the flow of a small electrical signal. The longer the electrical signal takes the more fat percentage you carry. The last method and the most accurate is the hydrodensitometry this is where the athlete gets submerged under water, this measure the body’s density.
A footballer will tend to have a healthy body weight. Body weight is usually measured in kilograms and it’s you’re lean body mass and body fats. Lean body mass includes the bones, muscle, water and organ tissue. Whereas body fat includes your essential and non essential fat stores.
If a footballer wants to measure their energy expenditure they will use a direct and indirect calorimetry. Direct calorimetry measures the amount of heat produced by the body it uses expensive chambers. Indirect calorimetry estimates the heat production by measuring oxygen and carbon dioxide production.
Energy intake and expenditure in cycling
Cyclists get there energy from food they eat. Food can be measured in calories, joules, kilocalories and kilojoules. Calories measure energy, especially heat energy. One calorie is the energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius and a kilocalorie is equal to 1,000 calories. A joule is most commonly used to measure energy, one joule moves a mass of 1g at 1 metre per second and a kilojoule is equal to 1,000 joules.
Carbohydrates are the primary source of energy for all cyclists. Fats, an alternative energy source, are more important in slower endurance events. Protein, the third component, is used to maintain and repair cells and tissue, but can also be a backup source of energy. A cyclist will require 70-75 percent of carbohydrates, 15-20% percent from fat and 35% fat. Because cycling is an aerobic sport the body will use up your glycogen storage fast and then your body will use fat as the secondary energy source.
A cyclist body composition should be in an ectomorph. Body composition is used to classify an individual’s body shape and size. There are three body types, even though an individual will not fit in the body type perfectly it is still an excellent method. The three body composition is ectomorph, endomorph and mesomorph. The reason why a cyclist is an ectomorph is because they will need no muscle and to be light on the bike and to be aerodynamic.
If a cyclist is concerned about their weight, generally for performance and health reasons. It is possible to alter your body composition by exercise and a correct diet. There are three methods of assessing your body fat and lean body mass skinfold callipers, bioelectrical impedance and hydrodensitometry. Skinfold calliper uses callipers to measure skinfold thickness at several areas of your body. The measurements are used to calculate percentage of body fat. Bioelectrical impedance is another good way to measure fat percentages they work by measuring the resistance of body tissue to the flow of a small electrical signal. The longer the electrical signal takes the more fat percentage you carry. The last method and the most accurate is the hydrodensitometry this is where the athlete gets submerged under water, this measure the body’s density.
A cyclist will tend to be under weight, this is because they need to be light on the bike and have a minimum amount of fat and muscle. Body weight is usually measured in kilograms and it’s you’re lean body mass and body fats. Lean body mass includes the bones, muscle, water and organ tissue. Whereas body fat includes your essential and non essential fat stores.
If a cyclist wants to measure their energy expenditure they will use a direct and indirect calorimetry. Direct calorimetry measures the amount of heat produced by the body it uses expensive chambers. Indirect calorimetry estimates the heat production by measuring oxygen and carbon dioxide production.
Explain the importance of energy balance in relation to sports performance P4, M2
Energy balance is the amount of calories you take in is equal to the calories expended is called neutral energy balance and weight is maintained. Positive energy balance is when the calories you take in are greater than the calories expended meaning you will gain fat. Negative energy balance is when calories you take in are less than the calories expended meaning weight is gained. A tennis player will need to make sure the burn the right calories during training or competition to the same number of calories he/she eats, so they have a neural energy balance so there will be no increase or decrease in weight.
Basal metabolism is the amount of calorie intake just to live and breathe without doing any activity. The calories are burned off by bodily process such as respiration and pumping blood around the body. BMR is affected by different factors:
Your age is one of these factors after 30 years of age your BMR drops about 2% per decade. This means for an athlete over 30 will need to consume fewer calories at rest compared to an athlete who is 20 years of age who will need to consume more calories.
Gender will have a big effect on your BMR; males compared to females tend to have more muscle mass so they will have a higher basal metabolic rate. This is why a weightlifter will have to consume more calories than a footballer because of the muscle mass.
The climate will cause an increase in basal metabolic rate because if you’re exposed to cold weather the body will have to work harder to maintain your body’s internal temperature. A skier compared to a footballer will need top consume more calories just to maintain internal temperature.
Physical activity will not only affect your body weight by burning calories. It also helps raise your BMR by building extra lean tissue, lean tissue is more metabolically demanding than fat tissue. So a football who trains 5 times a week will need to consume more calories just for the increase in lean tissue growth.