Effects of exercise We can exercise to have different effects on the body, some long term and others short term

* The capillary networks in muscles start to grow and more branches are therefore able to transport more blood.

Cardiovascular and Respiratory system

Long term effects;

* The diaphragm and intercostals muscles become stronger which increases the maximum lung volume ( vital capacity )

* This allows greater gas exchange with each breath

* There is an increase in the size of capillary networks around the alveoli which means there is an increased blood supply and more efficient gas exchange

* Resting heart rate is lower

* The heart strengthens

* Resting stroke volume increases

* cardiac output increases

* tidal volume increases

* more red blood cells are released

* arteries become larger and more elastic

* lower blood pressure shorter recovery times

* stroke volume increases

* muscles involved become stronger

* lactic acid is produced

Short term effects;

* blood moves to surface of skin

* shunting of blood to working muscle

* loss of salt

* sweating/water loss

* adrenaline is released preparing body for action

* glycogen is stored in muscles and the liver releases glucose to allow muscles to work

* blood flow to unused areas is resisted

* transfer of o2 and co2 becomes more efficient

* oxygen is inhaled more regularly for aerobic respiration resulting in the tidal volume increasing

* stroke volume increases as the heart sends out more blood per beat

* fatigue in muscles, as ability to use oxygen for the production of energy becomes less efficient

* blood flows faster and is diverted to the working muscles due to vasodilation in the vessels leading to the muscles

* This vasodilation helps prevent blood pressure from rising to a too high of a level

* Increased muscle contraction means more energy is needed which means respiration in muscle cells increases using oxygen and glucose

* Energy is lost as heat when the body warms up and body temperature rises

Skeletal and muscle systems

Long term effects;

* The muscles and their associated capillaries become more efficient at exchanging materials such as co2 and o2

* The muscle cells themselves use the available oxygen and more efficiently which means they can contract for longer and do more work

* These two facts mean that vo2 max of the body is increased meaning that your body can transfer energy more quickly and is therefore more powerful

* Muscles may or may not get bigger depending upon type of training

* Tendons. Ligaments and bones get stronger to cope with the increased load.

* Cartilage may increase to cope with impact

* Muscle tone and flexibility will improve

* Muscles will burn more fat

* Muscles work for longer without tiring because they can tolerate the lactic acid better

Short term effects;

* Muscles tire

* Lactic acid is produced