An 18th Century Strait-jacket - Is this a fair description of the Constitution?

It must be remembered that the interpretation of the Constitution will affect its adaptability.  Literalists are less likely to find room for flexibility in the Constitution.  For example, let us take the following extract from Article 6 of the Constitution:

“The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the Members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial Officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by Oath or Affirmation, to support this Constitution”.

While a literalist may believe that these people must support the Constitution on every occasion, others may suggest that while they should uphold the principles and rules of the Constitution, if they disagree with anything in the Constitution they have the right, from the 1st Amendment’s “freedom of speech” guarantee, to make this public.  Therefore, it can be argued that it is, in fact, the interpreters as opposed to the interpreted that makes the Constitution an “18th Century Strait-Jacket”.

Critics argue that the nature of the Constitution creates a situation whereby the Constitution acts as a ‘Strait-Jacket’, restricting Representatives getting on with their work but rather concentrating on upcoming elections.  This is can be substantially evidenced as truth but perhaps overall it is an advantage.  If the Representatives are constantly looking towards approaching elections they may become more ‘in tune’ with their mandate and give the people what they want rather than what he/she or their party thinks the people should want.  Therefore, it can be suggested that this nature of the Constitution is an advantage for the people whose rights the ‘Founding Fathers’ or ‘Framers’ had primarily wanted to protect.  

Since the beginning of the American Constitution, there has been a gradual shift of power to the Executive branch of government at the expense of the other two.  This arguably proves that the Constitution does not act as an “18th Century Strait Jacket” because it attempted equal powers between the branches.  This is shift in power in favor of the Executive – effectively the President – is observed by Feldmann and Richey (2003) in terms of the current President George W Bush:

        “American presidents have vied with the other branches of government for         power. And in times of war and national emergency, presidents have         exercised heightened levels of authority – in some cases openly sidestepping the         Constitution to do what they felt was necessary.  In         the larger battle for power,         America's 43rd president, George W. Bush, seems no different.  What is         different, say experts on presidential power, is that the open-ended         nature         of Mr.         Bush's "war on terrorism" is fast creating new realities of executive power, with         no firm expiration date. Some question whether the         exigencies of         preventing         future         terror attacks are fundamentally and         permanently tipping         the                     constitutional balance of power to the president's advantage.”

Other examples of President’s gradual increase of power can be seen where President Lincoln commanded the barricading of southern ports and raised the amount of US army recruits during the Civil War, all without Congressional consent.  Ashbee and Ashford record the development saying:

        “From 1945 onwards, successive presidents had responsibility for the US nuclear         arsenal.  By the 1960s – when the Vietnam War was fought – the president had         undoubted primacy or hegemony in the handling of defence policy and national         security matters.”

Hence, Arthur Schlesinger Jr described the 1960s as the era of the ‘imperial presidency’.  Ashbee and Ashford continued to demonstrate that “Congress – although sometimes vocal in its comments – played a subordinate role”.

Therefore, it can be said the Constitution is not as restricting as critics would lead us to believe because power has gradually evolved towards the President.

It is important also to compare the US Constitution to other Constitution.  The British Constitution most notably, is not codified or entrenched.  It is much easier to change this Constitution – through an Act of Parliament, a court ruling or an EU law in comparison to the US, an amendment of which requires a 2/3 majority in both houses and the approval of ¾ of the states.  Nevertheless, while Britain may seem to have more ‘power’ over her country than the US’s “18th Century Stait Jacket”