Direct democracy can also lead to the majority discriminating against a minority. For example women did not gain the vote in Switzerland until 1971 because until then the franchise consisted entirely of men.
Under the Athenian model persuasive orators can sway the crowd, appealing to emotion rather than intellect. This was Plato’s argument against democracy, as he feared that the "people would be swayed emotionally, rather than thinking rationally." For example if a referendum were to be held on bringing back the death penalty after a particularly shocking murder, people might vote on emotional grounds rather than consider all the rational arguments.
Too many referendums may lead to apathy and political instability, and lead to disillusionment with the political process. Even among advocates of greater democracy, there is an acceptance of the desirability of order within society. It could also be argued that direct democracy is costly in terms of money, and is much more time-consuming than representative democracy.
As with any form of democracy, there are also advantages to consider. The main argument in favour of direct democracy is that the wishes of the people are directly implemented, which could clearly be seen as much more democratic than any form of indirect democracy. Most political commentators would agree that direct democracy is by far the purest form of democracy, which again could be considered an advantage.
Under representative democracy elected politicians can become out of touch with the electorate. However under a direct system, this problem is avoided. Moreover decisions gain a greater degree of legitimacy and support amongst the public, because they are based solely upon the views of the people as opposed to an out-of-touch elite.
Referendums can also help to promote political education and participation, thereby enhancing the concept of citizenship. Direct democracy also ensures greater freedom than would be the case under a representative system. Some of those who support direct democracy are anarchists who favour total freedom for the individual and the absence of political rule.
Ultimately direct democracy is the purest form of democracy, and avoids most of the problems associated with indirect democracy. However its greatest drawback is that direct democracy is impractical – except for the occasional referendum.