In this essay, I am going to analyse the source material that I have been given. These sources describe the working conditions of children working in textile mills; I am going to conclude if they are reliable or unreliable.

Working Conditions. In this essay, I am going to analyse the source material that I have been given. These sources describe the working conditions of children working in textile mills; I am going to conclude if they are reliable or unreliable. The conditions of children working in textile mills during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, were in some mills inhumane but in many mills such as Quarry Bank Mill indications are that the conditions in the mill were good. Source A says that workers were " Well paid, comfortable" however mills were rarely inspected. This quote reflects the view that Samuel Greg actually did care for his workers, but that he was also a shrewd businessman because he knew that a healthy workforce would reap rewards and profit. The children worked shifts of "12 hours" and this paid for their accommodation as they weren't paid, they only received money if they worked overtime which would pay them 1 penny an hour. Sickness was rare "Mr Greg pays the doctor for all medicines" in Quarry bank Mill. During 22 years "Seventeen deaths" occurred which for the period was very low indeed. From my visit to Quarry bank Mill, I can also comment on what happened "outside" of the mill. Samuel Greg built an apprentice house the accommodation was good considering that many of his children were paupers and had previously never slept in a bed. The

  • Word count: 1480
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Psychology
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Kohlbergs Cognitive Development Theory Essay

Gender Kohlberg's Cognitive Development Theory Cognitive Development Theory suggests ideas on gender changes with age. Gender is the way someone acts and identifies them. Kohlberg (1966) developed a theory of gender consistency. According to Kohlberg, children develop an understanding of the concept of gender in 3 stages. The first stage is gender identity. The child is aware that they're male or female, but think their gender might change (e.g. wearing opposite sex clothes). This stage usually occurs between the ages of 2 and 3 years. The second stage is gender stability. The children realises that their gender will remain fixed over time (e.g. boys will become men). However, they believe that gender can change in different situations, such as doing an 'opposite-sex activity' (e.g. knitting or playing football). This stage usually occurs between 3 to 5 years of age. The third and final stage is gender consistency. The child is aware that gender remains fixed over time and in different situations. This usually occurs between the ages of 6 and 7. Evidence for gender labelling comes from Thompson (1975) who showed that gender identification was more accurate in 3 years (90%) than 2 years old (76%) Gender stability was investigated by Slaby and Frey (1975) who asked young children, 'where you a little boy or a little girl when you were a baby?' they also asked 'when

  • Word count: 581
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Psychology
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Outline and evaluate Bowlby's theory of attachment

Scarlett Hayes, 12R1 Outline and evaluate Bowlby's theory of attachment Attachment is a strong, reciprocal, emotional bond between an infant and his or her caregiver that is characterised by the desire to maintain proximity. Attachments take different forms such as insecure and secure. Infants display attachment through the degree of separation anxiety shown when separated from the caregiver, pleasure at reunion and stranger anxiety. John Bowlby was working to find out what caused attachment from the 1940's onwards. His original theory proposed that a child must form an attachment with their primary caregiver within a very limited time or the consequence would be quite severe. His 1946 study aimed to establish the cause and effect relationship between maternal deprivation and emotional maladjustment based on his observations at his child guidance clinic. He had observed that children showing poor emotional development had often experienced separation/ deprivation and suggested that this can result in psychological and behavioural problems in later life. Bowlby took an opportunity sample of 88 children, 44 of which were controls and the other 44 were juvenile thieves. Bowlby diagnosed 32% of thieves as 'affectionless psychopaths', but none of the controls were. A further 86% of these affectionless psychopaths had experienced prolonged maternal separation before age 5.

  • Word count: 1021
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Psychology
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The Generation Gap started to emerge through political, historical and sociological events during the 1950's through to the 70's.

The Generation Gap started to emerge through political, historical and sociological events during the 1950's through to the 70's. Such events like the Vietnam War in the US is what caused children to become more self-independent, trying to find their own imparticular identity and basically wanting to behave differently to what their parents approved. This politically stimulated phase in the 50's ultimately ended up a typically normal way of life for an adolescent in the 60's and 70's. With the revolutionary attitude that the children had in the 50's, it didn't provide the soon to be children in the 60's and 70's a solid platform to be brought up on. Many films and songs have written about the youth culture and generation gap to remind us of these sociological transforations. The youth of the 50's or the "Boomer Generation" was built-up through traditional values of their parents. In most homes there was fixed housewife whose foremost function was to dedicate their time to their children whether that be social, spiritual or economic. Parents were there to nurture their children and lead them to success. Parents were very conventional because of the growing threat of communism. An American paediatrician Dr. Benjamin Spock published a book on baby care that instantly turned into a "Second Bible" in US homes, "In the first few days after my second child was born and I had to

  • Word count: 1596
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Psychology
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Human rights of children.

Children, does this word evoke your beautiful memories of the past? Wait a second, do you remember the time when your mom told you to shut up, do you remember the phrase, 'this is not of your business, go and play your Nintendo?'. How did it feel when a dead-knot was died around your mouth when you couldn't express yourself? Desperate, segregated or discriminated? Children deserve to have their voices heard on issues that affect them. This is a basic right that all people share: the right to express views and to have those views taken seriously and respected. All too often, though, children are denied this right. All too often, no one listens to children. We have been the victims of this system, how can we allow this to happen once and once again? Everyone, including you and me must recognize that children's rights are a priority. And it is the responsibility of all of us to ensure that this is never forgotten. Children themselves must also be ready to take the responsibility for their own rights, and the rights of others. Children have a great capacity for compassion. They can speak out on things that adults might be unable to see, or might prefer not to see. Children, too, can change the world for children. Yet throughout the society, children face discrimination because of the color of their skin, because of their gender, or because of the traditions their parents passed

  • Word count: 710
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Psychology
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"Should homosexual couples be allowed to adopt children?"

English GCSE Discursive Essay "Should homosexual couples be allowed to adopt children?" By Nicola Crooks "Having two mummies or daddies is stupid, but it's better than having none at all" When asked for his opinion on the matter of gay couples adopting and raising children as their own, my eight year old brother replied with the above statement. Children are said to be the harshest critics; their opinions considered whole truths. But is this neutral and innocent view shared by the thousands of children currently in foster care worldwide? If given the choice, would they consent to being taken into the care of a same-sex couple? Furthermore, should such couples be given the right to do so? Many people would disagree, claiming that the only suitable and natural family unit for any child is a nuclear one, consisting of a mother and a father. By evidence of their 1977 ban on the adoption of children by homosexual couples, the state of Florida is in agreement. Although it is the only such law in the United States of America, there are currently six other states considering following in its footsteps. In my opinion, I believe that children in need of a home and loving parents should be given the chance to experience it, regardless of the sexual orientation of those wishing to take on the responsibility. I agree with the statement by a gay father, recently published in the

  • Word count: 1942
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Psychology
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Why Unrestricted Information is Important for Childhood Development

Katherine Beyers Theatre Appreciation 27 September 2009 Why Unrestricted Information is Important for Childhood Development Imitation and role playing are fun and exciting ways for children to learn and exercise their imaginations, and to explore the always-expanding world around them. Children pull their ideas of right and wrong, good and bad, and all other views about the world from various sources, like parents, siblings, teachers, movies, television, and music. The things children view in popular entertainment may not be what parents consider "good" or "wholesome," but they are just another way of looking at the world, and the realities within that world. Children shouldn't be shielded too much from any ideas, negative or not, because even negative ideas are still a part of reality. The reason why many people don't believe in the practice of censorship, especially for adults, is because it is a blatant violation of our First Amendment right to freedom of speech, or freedom to openly express our ideas, feelings, and opinions. This is a right that should be extended to all Americans, even children. Of course, parents play an important role in their children's lives helping to form values and morals, and parents should always openly discuss such important issues with their children as soon as they are old enough to understand the basic principles, but shielding

  • Word count: 530
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Psychology
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The Park in Winter

30th September 2001 DESCRIPTIVE WRITING The Park in Winter The icy wind whistles through the finger like branches of the bare trees, a light covering of snow lying heavily on their extremities. Brittle autumn leaves dance dramatically around in a great swirl of colour. Children are skating on the icy surface of the pond making large cracks like gaping wounds. Sledges hurtle down the piebald hills, rosy faces glowing and laughing, amidst the flurry of ice particles. Snowball throwing children cry with pain, their swollen red fingers throbbing with cold, their gloves wet and icy. An isolated snowman looks out over the glacial landscape, its coal eyes surveying all before it, somebody's old bob-cap perched crookedly on its cold head. People scurry along, their hats and scarves protecting them from the blustery weather, the sallow sun casting a weak shadow across the deserted play area. Those who can no longer brave the weather take shelter in the cosy warmth of the café. Hot drinks are welcoming against the arctic elements outside. They chat about the inclement conditions, all of them looking forward to the first awakening signs of spring. A lone swan walks gracefully towards children throwing bread, its perfect white plumage camouflaged against the crisp whiteness of the snow. Robins perch on the trees waiting for any scraps or crumbs they may find, their

  • Word count: 649
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Psychology
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With reference to your experience in the classroom, discuss those factors that you consider to be most important in providing an effective learning environment informed by your knowledge of contrasting theories of learning.

With reference to your experience in the classroom, discuss those factors that you consider to be most important in providing an effective learning environment informed by your knowledge of contrasting theories of learning. Classroom practise has come a long way since the traditional teaching strategies criticised in the Plowden Report (1967). We rarely see excessively formal classrooms and the general aim has been to move towards a more action-orientated and child-centred approach, as championed by the Plowden Report. The current intention is for the learning environment to be humane, focused, structured and stimulating; a place the child enjoys being. This essay will consider what is required for both teaching and learning to be effective and worthwhile. The class teacher is by far the most important individual in the classroom; it is their behaviour and characteristics, which influence the general ethos of the whole class and the behaviour and attitudes displayed by the children. The effect of the teacher can be easily observed by the different behaviours the children display when another teacher is in charge. During my time in the classroom I had the opportunity to observe the class being taught by a supply teacher. From the onset the supply firmly laid down her expectations and boundaries and there was a noticeable difference in the behaviours the children

  • Word count: 2603
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Psychology
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I will be discussing some of the sociological concepts which are used to explain the impact of the social world on our identity.

In this essay I will be discussing some of the sociological concepts which are used to explain the impact of the social world on our identity. It seems that our primary Socialisation- from our parents and close family plays an important role in our identity. Right from the start parents are conditioning their children to behave in a certain way depending on their gender, using phrases such as 'pretty girl' and 'big strong boy' children form ideas in their heads that this is what they should be. Painting a baby's room pink or blue depending on their gender and the clothes they wear, also add to the gender stereotype, if people see a baby in a blue baby-grow they will assume it's a boy. Children are also given toys depending on their gender, dolls for girls and cars for boys. Our parents are our first contact with how adults behave, children learn by copying their parents, girls may have a baby doll to look after like mum and boys may have a toy tool kit to fix things like dad, this is children working out their role in society. Children may look up to an older brother or sister and may strive to be like them especially if they see the older sibling being praised by the parents for say an academic or sporting achievement. Children feel a need to please their parents they like to be praised, given smiles and cuddles so, they behave in a way they know their parents will approve

  • Word count: 1127
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Psychology
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