4, Describe one study that supports the multi-store model of memory. Be sure to explain why the study offers support.
One study that was carried out to prove that this model does in fact work was done by a man called Murdock. Murdock presented participants with a list of words they had to recall in any order. Items from beginning of a list of words are thought to have been retained in LTM (primacy effect). The last few items on a list of words are retrieved from STM (recency effect). Items in the middle of the list ( asymptote) are lost due to rehearsal of the first items.
Working Memory
1, A diagram of the working memory model
Articulatory Loop
Articulatory control system
Verbal rehearsal system
The ‘inner voice’
Visuo-spatial scratch pad
Spatial and visual information
Storage system
The ‘inner eye’
Central Executive
The attentional control system.
Modality free. Capacity is limited
Phonological Store
Speech-based storage system
The ‘inner ear’
The Articulatory loop and Phonological store are collectively known as the Phonological Loop
2, Outline the working memory model
The working memory model is a model that was made by Baddeley. The working memory focuses on expanding the STM. The idea of a STM store is replaced by a central executive that controls or directs other components. The central executive is a flexible system that can process information received by all the senses. It can hold information for a short time. Baddeley believed that it was the CE which resources the decision-making. It allocates resources to the other slave system depending on what the task is. The CE can also be thought of as the fat controller from Thomas the Tank engine it plays the same role as he does. The other three boxes are the slave systems. The first area is the articulatory loop. This area is a verbal rehearsal loop this holds words, which we are just about to use though speaking. The information is represented as it would be spoken, hence the ‘inner voice’. The loop works in about two seconds.
The second area is the phonological store this is also known as the ‘inner ear’. This area receives auditory information and stores it an acoustic code. These two are related because they are both sound information. The third area is the visuo-spatial scratch pad (sketchpad). This area helps to rehearse visual or spatial information. It uses a visual code, analysing features in terms of colour, size and shape. This is why this is called the ‘inner eye’. This area can also process movements and actions as well as static visual patterns. This part interprets what we see.
3, Give two criticisms of model. Remember to explain why each of these is a criticism.
The first criticism of this model is that it does not deal with LTM it is only set up for STM and what is happening right now. The second criticism is that little is known about the central executive and that the capacity has never been measured so we un sure of how much information it can hold.
4, Describe one study that supports the multi-store model of memory. Be sure to explain why the study offers support.
There is research to prove that STM does have two areas because K.F a patient with STM could remember visual but not verbal information. This proves that there is two parts to STM. This is also backed up by brain scans that prove that different parts of the brain are used while doing visual and verbal tasks.
Levels of Processing
1, Name the three levels of processing
The three levels of processing are
1, Structural/Iconic – what does the information to be remembered look like? This can also be classed visual information – shallow
2, Phonetic/Acoustic – what does the information to be remembered sound like? – deeper
3, Semantic- what does the information to be remembered mean. – deepest
2, Outline the concept of depth of processing
Levels of processing model were developed by Craik and Lockhart. They believed that memory is seen as a by-product of the perceptual system where it has a central processor capable of analysing data on a number levels. The model expands the semantic processing in the LTM. Craik and Lockhart went on to suggest that is linked to different types of rehearsal. The two types of rehearsal that they came up with was
1, Maintenance (rote) rehearsal – simple repetition of information in its original form, like remembering a phone number.
2, Elaborate rehearsal – involves a search for a meaning or association.
The level of processing depends on both the nature of the stimulus and the time available for processing the information that you have just taken in.
3,Give two criticism of the model. Remember to explain why each of these is a criticism.
The first criticism of this model is that there are problems with measuring the depth of processing. The more deeply you process information, the better you remember.
Use all the words listed below to complete the blanks in this review of why we might forget:
In short-term memory, information may be forgotten because it is displaced by new information. Or perhaps the of the information may because it is not . The Atkinson and Schiffrin multi-store model suggests the amount of information and the process in which information is received may predict whether we remember it. The Craik and Lockhart model of memory suggests that the way we
Information is important. This model proposes three levels of processing: structural, which is a shallow level of processing in which we focus on what information looks like; acoustic, in which we focus on what information sounds like; and semantic, which is the deepest level of processing. If we think about the meaning of information, the ,we are less likely to forget it. Psychologists have also suggested that we forget information held in LTM because learning with existing learning (this is interference). Sometimes we cannot remember information unless we have a meaningful which is called cue-dependent forgetting.