Foldesi’s research supports the concept of xenophobia. Foldesi (1996) found that violent displays among a small core of Hungarian football crowds led to an increase in violent and racist outbursts by spectators.
However, conflicting research by Marsh suggests football violence may not be an act of naturally selected xenophobia, but more an organised behaviour to gain peer acceptance within the group.
Aggression in response to defending territory and cultural rituals can be interpreted as adaptive. An alternative explanation for group display is territoriality and is seen as a justified protective response. This has been supported by Huntingfood et al who found similarities in the animal kingdom with animals typically showing threat towards outsiders and attack with great vigour when depending home territory.
Although painful, costly ritual displays appear to contradict the rules of natural selection, it can be seen as encouraging cooperation amongst other members of the group, power and commitment. As a result the group may be more likely to survive as a result of members working in unity.
Sosis et al supported the claim that more costly displays of religious commitment are an important determinant of the success of religious groups in finding that religious groups imposed far more costly requirements on their members than non-religious groups. They also found that the longevity of the group was correlated positively with the level of cost of the requirements.
Sosis et al also tested the prediction that costly rituals display group commitment and found that nature of warfare in these societies determined the type of ritualistic display. If the main threat to the group was external, scars were used to signal commitment, whereas body painting was used for groups with internal threat, such as groups breaking and reforming.
This supports that aggression I groups has been found in different cultures as well as in football supporters. Therefore the claims of this research can be considered culturally valid evolutionary explanations. However, they lack generalisability because tribal regimes are unique.
Reasons for aggression in warfare can be seen as a signal of commitment or to achieve status within the group. Displays of ferocity and aggression by individual warriors would lead to peers to respect them and therefore they are able to reap the benefits of having high status and as a result their reproductive fitness would increase. Irons claims that the costliness of permanent displays of aggression, such as scars shows severe honest signals to commitment of the group therefore they can benefit from the groups trust and seen as trustworthy by potential sexual partners.
A final evolutionary explanation is through lynch mobs. This is when people have public executions in order to punish. This was seen evidently between the blacks and whites in research by Deane et al. they suggest that lynching’s were justified to ensure status differences remained and the dominant position help by white American was not challenges. It was seen as a means to control through fear.
Overall, explanations of aggressive displays in warfare are gender bias as they are limited to the behaviour of males rather than females, similarly with research of football supporters. Adams claimed that the idea of the women warrior is almost unheard of within societies. Therefore, our understanding of the displays typically found in warfare are androcentric.
Additionally, the evolutionary explanation doesn’t count for individual differences being present and influencing aggression levels within people. For example, Mann et al found that low levels of serotonin are associated with higher levels of aggression, this cannot be explained through evolutionary explanations as there is not a specific trigger present making this approach highly nuture based and reductionistic. Therefore, the aggression cannot be explained solely through the evolutionary approach and thus a multimodal explanation which considers a biological predisposition, which may be triggered by observations in our environment in the presence of firearm can produce aggressive behaviour.
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