QUALITATIVE DATA
-in depth data
-not numerical
-comparisons/relationships→difficult to establish
CULTURAL VARIATION IN ACCEPTANCE OF THE HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVE
-emphasis on individual→study humans individually
-freewill→your individual experience is important
→ depending ont the experience you will behave in future
-optimistic
Framework
1.KEY CONCEPTS
SELF ACTUALIZATION, PEAK EXPERIENCE
Self-actualization
→Maslow
-not necessary a peaceful state
→we actualize ourselves, we set ourselves really big aims. But sometimes it is difficult for us.
It is not very happy a stable situation to be
-can involve tension
→we challenge ourselves and this is not always pleasant
Peak experience
→Maslow
-it represents moments of deep intensity in which we feel ourselves most fully alive
-we feel to be part of the world
-very short lived
-e.g.:when a partner first sees new born baby
CONDITIONS FOR GROWTH,ORGANISMIC VALUING PROCESS
The condition for growth
-the conditions under which healthy development of personality occurs
i)Unconditioned positive regard
-it is acceptance and caring given to a person as a human being, without imposing conditions on how the person behaves
-openesses and empathy(the ability to understand another person’s perceptions and feelings)
-e.g.:in all best moments parents value their children
ii)Openesses
-it refers to a person freely expressing their own sense of self,rather thaan playing a role or hiding behind a facade
-it can be found in any situation
iii)Empathy
-the ability to understand the other’s point of view
-e.g.:mother’s understanding of baby needs;understanding others needs by using identification
Organismic valuing process
-O.V.P.
-innate sense/knowledge of what’s good or bad for organism
-it is guided by actualising tendency(an innate drive which reflects the desire to grow,to develop and to enhance one’s capacities
-e.g.:actualising tendency motivates the baby to learn to walk
CONCEPTS USED IN LOGOTHERAPY
-Frankl’s therapy to help people to find meaning
→through talking people can discover their own meaning
2.ASSUMPTIONS ON WHICH KEY CONCEPTS ARE BASED
FOCUS ON CONSCIOUS AWARENESSES
-phenomenology
→The biggest assumptions of humanistic approach is the belief that behaviour must be
understood in terms of the subjective experience of the individual. If you wish to
understand behaviour, the humanists argue, you must understand the person producing
the behaviour-including how the person sees the world.
FREEWILL IN HUMANS
-freewill →your individual experience is important
→ depending on the experience you will behave in the future
-humans are free
-free to perceive yourself in different ways
HUMANS ARE INSTRINCALLY GOOD
UNIQUENESS OF INDIVIDUALS
-we have to study humans because we are special
-we are unique
-study humans individually→we are all different and we should be treated like that
-importance of individual experience→depending on experience you will behave in future
INNATE DRIVE OF HUMANS TO ACHIEVE THEIR MAXIMUM POTENTIAL
-Rogers and his actualizing tendency
→innate desire to grow and develop
i)creativity
ii)relationship
iii)challenges
-Maslow and his self-actualization
→not necessary a peceful state (we actualise ourselves really big aims.But sometimes it
is difficult for us. It is not very happy a stable situation
to be)
→can involve tension(we challenge ourselves.This is not peaceful state)
3.EVALUATION OF ASSUMPTIONS
USE OF ALTERNATIVE PERSPECTIVES AS A POSSIBLE EVALUATIVE STRATEGY
4.THEORETICAL EXPLANATIONS OF BEHAVIOUR CHANGE
CONSEQUENCES OF NEED SATISFICATION
-Maslow and his hierarchy of needs
ESTEEM-feel valued,what you do is respected by others
LOVE AND BELONGINGNESS-feel to be loved and that you belong to something
SAFETY-feel safe,free from danger, free from uncertainity
PHYSIOLOGICAL-food, warmth,sexual needs
All these four needs are called DEFICIENCY NEEDS. Self-actualization is called GROWTH NEED.
Each need must be satisfied before the higher need is experienced .
UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD
-it is acceptance and caring given to a person as a human being, without imposing conditions on how the person behaves
-openesses and empathy(the ability to understand another person’s perceptions and feelings)
-e.g.:in all best moments parents value their children
EMPATHY
-the ability to understand the other’s point of view
-e.g.:mother’s understanding of baby needs;understanding others needs by using identification
CONGRUENCE
-a feeling of integration experienced when the self and ideal self match(self-an organized structure based on our experience of our own being,it is changing.e.g.:We can never cross the same river twice.The water changes and so we do.;ideal self-a dynamically changing construct which represents an individual’s goals and aspirations.It is not stable.)
Methodologies
1.Methods
ARCHIVAL RESEARCH
It is Maslow’s biographical method. Maslow examined the life stories of „great people“ which are actualised. Maslow chooses “great people“ + examines their lives. He hopes to find out what qualities they all have.The biographical method is circular (ineffective,nonsenical).These qualities are what self actualizing people have
BUT
Why does Maslow regard these people as great? It looks like he is already decided which qualities are desirable.
Q-SORT TECHNIQUE
-collection of cards-→all with descriptions of perosnality on
-patient sorts cards into piles that reflect perceived self + ideal self
-the change in the position of the cards over time is recorded
-the „gap“ between ideal + perceived self is given a numerical value
-this value should decrease over time
-NOT INTERNALY VALID
2.STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS OF METHODS
QUALITATIVE DATA
-in depth data
-not numerical
-comparisons/relationships→difficult to establish
-observation use qualitative data
-!not as scientific not as researchable!
3.ETHICS AND CONTROVERSIES OF RESEARCH
RELEVANCE OF THE PHENOMENOLOGICAL APPROACH
Psychodynamic
-freewill(patient do not know what is their problem)
→because psychodynamic says that almost everything is in your unconscious (you are
not aware)
-unconscious is important for psychodynamic but not for humanistic,because everything you do is influenced by your unconscious
Behaviourist
-the mind is not important,because everything you do is influenced by environment
-human nature might not be good
ACCURACY OF BIOGRAPHICAL DATA
Maslow and his archival research. This research is problem, because he done it only on great people as he called them and also it shows that he already decided which qualities are desirable.