Bahrick et al (1975)
Bahrick wanted to find out how long memory stayed in the LTM they used participants from the US because they made a year book from university they wanted to get into the participants very long term memory.
There were three steps in this investigation.
First the participants had to remember the names of the ex-classmates
Second participants were shown pictures from the year book and mixed with other participants and told to identify the students they recognise. (Visual recognition)
Third the participants were asked to say the name of the students they recognised. (Verbal recognition)
They found out Verbal and Visual recognition was the most accurate.
They found out that free recall didn’t help much students who had left 15 years ago were 60% accurate. Students that left 48 years ago were only 30% accurate.
They conclude that memories can last for a very long time in the LTM.
They also found out that we remember something better by recognition than recall.
Recognition is when you are given a clue to help u find the memory in your LTM.
The pictures used for the yearbook of students did not give permission to the researchers to show the participants this is ethical infringement for the researchers.
The participants that were tested might of rehearsed the name of students and tried to memorise the faces of students this could not be reliable because the LTM could have been found because this was regular rehearsal so there results are unreliable.
Murdock (1962)
Murdock carried out an investigation called the serial position effect. He asked participants to remember a list of words the participants found it easy to remember the first few words ( the primary effect ) and the last few words ( the recency effect ) . The multi store model shows that the words in the beginning of the list were rehearsed and put into the LTM and the words at the end of the list were still in the STM.
Shallice and Warrington (1974)
Shallice and Warrington wanted to find out if there is more then 1 single short store.
They tested a participant called KF. They found out that KF recognises non-verbal sounds like a door bell or a telephone ringing was normal for him so this shows that there is more than two different sound based mechanisms one that deals with non-verbal and one that deals with verbal sounds.
Tulving (1989)
This researcher suggested that there was more then one LTM. Tulving believed that the there was two long term memories one was called episodic and the other was called semantic memory.
Episodic memory is something you have experienced like a letter b you were trying to remember in a persons name you are trying to remember.
Semantic memory is the memory for is something we remember in general information such as birds can fly.
The multi store model shows that there is only one LTM.
Baddeley and hitch (1974)
Baddeley and hitch believed that the STM had a waiting stage this is used for information before it is transferred to the LTM.
The working memory holds new information and takes knowledge from the LTM to put with the new information. The memory model holds all the information you are thinking for most psychologists they believe it is your conscious. When we do tasks such as mental arithmetic the working memory is being used. The information in the working memory is fragile and could be easily lost.
The central executive controls what happens in the working memory it manages what goes on.
The phonological loop is an auditory store it has two parts
Phonological Store is known as the inner ear it deals with perception of sounds
Articulatory loop this has a link between speech productions also known as the inner voice it has a verbal rehearsal system.
Goodman and schaff (1997)
Children would not be able to understand adult type questions e.g. the pirate engaged in blowing bubbles during the course of the puppet show is that not true? The child would find this hard to answer.
The pirate blew bubbles didn’t he? Child would find this easier to answer.
Good man and reed found out children at the age of three have better details of an incident then others.
