Cancer is a disease in which damaged cells do not undergo programmed cell death. Carcinogens may increase the risk of cancer by altering cellular metabolism or damaging DNA directly in cells, which interferes with biological processes, and induces the uncontrolled, malignant division, ultimately leading to the formation of tumors. Usually DNA damage, if too severe to repair, leads to programmed cell death, but if the programmed cell death pathway is damaged, then the cell cannot prevent itself from becoming a cancer cell.
A variety of lifestyle or health related habits (behavioural factors), material factors (such as the environment and living standards), and psychosocial factors (for example, stress and risk taking) can have a major impact on a person’s health. Factors often cluster together, for example, where a particular social group tend to live in close proximity within a neighbourhood, producing inequalities in ill health and inequalities in such causes of ill health. Behavioural and social issues that impact on health include smoking, diet, nutrition and alcohol (which together account for many CHD and cancer deaths), poor diet leading to obesity (reducing life expectancy) or alternatively malnutrition, lack of physical exercise, sexual behaviour (for example, leading to infection or teenage pregnancy), and problems resulting from drug taking. Binge drinking (Synthetic Estimate)
Alcohol related problems can lead to ill health and premature death, especially through cirrhosis of the liver, and through alcohol related violence resulting in emergency admission to hospital. Whilst the focus has been on how alcohol related illnesses
Congenital heart disease (40% of individuals), particularly conotruncal malformations (tetralogy of Fallot, interrupted aortic arch, ventricular septal defect, and persistent truncus arteriosus) Palatal abnormalities (50%), particularly velopharyngeal incompetence (VPI), sub mucosal cleft palate, and cleft palate; characteristic facial features (present in the majority of Caucasian individuals) including hypertelorism. learning difficulties (90%) but broad range hypocalcemia (50%)(due to hyperparathyroidism) Significant feeding problems (30%)
The syndrome is caused by genetic deletions (loss of a small part of the genetic material) found on the long arm of one of the two 22nd chromosomes. Very rarely, patients with somewhat similar clinical features may have deletions on the short arm of chromosome 10. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is an immune mediated disease of the brain. It usually occurs following a viral infection but may appear following vaccination, bacterial or parasitic infection, or even appear spontaneously. As it involves autoimmune demyelization, it is similar to multiple sclerosis, and is considered part of the Multiple sclerosis borderline diseases. The incidence rate is about 8 per 1,000,000 people per year. Although it occurs in all ages, most reported cases are in children and adolescents, with the average age around 5 to 8 years old. The mortality rate may be as high as 5%, full recovery is seen in 50 to 75% of cases, while up to 70 to 90% recover with some minor residual disability. The average time to recover is one to six months.
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neemoo (student)
