It is well known that the polyhedral virus was created in the viroplasma. It was produced after viral cell infection was included in the close developing membrane or in fascicles containing up to nine and was finally incapsulated in polyhedral protein. Polyhedral viruses are no enveloped viruses whose capsids make geometric shapes with flat edges and sides. Another way of making a virus capsid to organize protein subunits in the shape of hollow quasi-spherical structure is surrounding the genome within.
All influenza viruses have lipid envelopes, which consist of two sorts of spikes, neuraminidase (NA) and haemagglutinin (HA).There are 3 subtypes (A, B and C) of the influenza virus. Sub type A infects pigs, birds, ferrets, horses and us humans. Flu A is the main prevalent subtype in the human population. The influenza B subtype infects birds and humans. Flu C is found in humans only and is not yet known if it is a disease causing.
FUNGI- Fungi are different from both viruses and bacteria in several ways. They are large, plant-like organisms that lack chlorophyll. This substance makes plants green and converts sunlight into energy.
A fungus has to absorb food from anything they are growing on, since it does not have chlorophyll to make food.
A fungus can be helpful in making bread rise, brewing beer, decaying trash. They can also be harmful. This is if they steal nutrients from another living organism.
Mushrooms, molds and yeast are important forms of fungi.
Fungi can reproduce in multiple ways depending on the type of fungus and the environmental conditions.
Mould is a name for specific multicellular organisms of the different classes of kingdom , characteristically having bodies made up of cottony mycelium. Spores that are borne on mycelium cause colours of mould. Most molds can gain nutriment and moisture from fruits, jelly, cheese, bread, butter, silage and any other dead organic matter. The most common form of mould is black bread mould. It decays on fruits and vegetables plus on bread too. Some molds are useful like species of penicillin. Whereas some are pathogenic or produce toxic chemicals, which cause serious diseases.
Mould grows as long tangled stranded cells normally seen to be furry particles on food substances. When a chain of cells is present, it is called hyphae. These cells are well-organized developers of accessible nutrients during periods where growth is at its greatest, this is because a mould is capable of growing more than half a mile of new hyphae in one day.
An example of mould is Mushroom.
Under particular circumstances, some yeast cells secrete a thickened wall, and the cytoplasm of the single cell within separates to form four or eight cells, or spores, known as ascospores, which appear when the wall breaks. In some species, two cells fuse before going through spore formation. There are approximately 500 species in all. Yeasts, in particular those of the genus Saccharomyces, have long been of commercial significance as they are the chief agents in alcoholic . As of this, they are necessary to the making of wine, beer and other alcoholic beverages.
Wild yeasts, are often active in the fermentation process. In bread, manufacture the yeasts act upon the carbohydrates in the dough, creating ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide, which are driven off in the baking process. The escaping carbon dioxide is the reason why the bread rises.
Yeast has been used in treating different ailments; brewer's yeast. Beer is a commercial application of yeast since it is complete by fermentation.
BACERIA- Bacterium is an organism. It is made up of one cell, and is black or clear unless stained with special dyes to be seen well. It can be round, thin, long or even spiral shaped.
Bacteria shapes vary. Doctors use these characteristics to divide them into groups, although they are microscopic. They are invisible to the naked eye. Even when using a microscope, they can barely be seen.
They are capable of multiplying by themselves, as they have the power to divide.
Bacteria have been characterized by using numerical taxonomy to compare staining reactions, and mode of nutrition. Bacteria can sense and respond to light, nutrients, oxygen, toxins etc.
A Coccus is shaped like a sphere. Depending on the kind, cocci bacteria group themselves in a variety of ways, such as in long lines, pairs or tight clusters. For example, Staphylococci cause a host of diseases including boils. Gonococci cause the sexually transmitted infection gonorrhoea. Gonorrhoea is generally transmitted via sexual communication. But, mothers diseased with gonorrhoea may also transport the infection to their children throughout delivery. If untreated, some kids may expand a serious inflammation of the eyes, which may cause blindness. To stop this, silver nitrate (lapses) was applied to the baby's eyes after birth.
Bacilli are shaped similar to a rod. Bacilli strains cause illnesses like typhoid and cystitis. Bacilli in particular refer to a of . It consists of two orders, and , which have many recognised pathogens as . Moreover, bacillus may be a generic term to explain the of all rod-shaped bacteria. This common expression does not mean that the subject is a member of Genus Bacillus or Class Bacilli. Therefore, it does not essentially involve a comparable group of characteristics. Not all members of Class Bacilli are rod-shaped, they could also be spherical; and many other rod-shaped bacteria are present, which do not fall within that class.
An infection with the bacterium Salmonella typhi causes typhoid fever, which is found in humans only and can shoe the way to severe illness.
When the bacterium goes down to the bowel, it breaks through the intestinal mucosa lining to the underlying tissue. If the immune system is not able to prevent the disease at this stage, the bacterium multiplies and then reaches to the bloodstream by spreading itself, after which the primary signs of illness are observed in the form of fever. The bacterium goes through further to the liver, bone marrow and bile ducts, from which bacteria are excreted into the bowel contents.
In the next phase of the illness, the bacterium breaks in the immune tissue of the small intestine, and the violent small bowel indications start.
Spirochetes are shaped like miniature spirals. Spirochaetes bacteria are in charge of a variety of illnesses counting in the sexually transmitted disease syphilis. Spirochetes are unicellular, motile, spiral-shaped organisms that are morphologically different from other bacteria. Specific structural features are joint by all spirochaetes but they differ very much in physiology.
Spirochetes are lengthy, slim organisms, which look like helical coils. Several are too slim to be observed by regular light microscopy but may be noticed by dark-field microscopy or by staining with silver salts. When looked at by dark-field microscopy, spirochaetes include characteristic motility, as well as apparent rotation around their lengthy axis and a dull cockscrew rotation.
Syphilis is a sexually broadcast infection caused by bacteria. It infects the genital area, mouth, lips, or anus of both women and men. Normally people obtain syphilis from sexual communication with another who has it. It may pass from mother to baby during pregnancy as well.
At early stages of syphilis, it normally makes little, simple sores. At times, it causes swelling in close by lymph nodes. If not being treated, syphilis regularly causes a non-itchy skin rash, usually on the feet and hands. Symptoms may go then come back.
Vibrio is shaped like a comma. Vibrio bacteria cause the tropical disease, which is characterised by brutal dehydration and diarrhoea. This disease is called cholera. Vibrio bacteria are largely halophilic and gram-negative. Nonetheless, a small umber of species is nonhalophilic, depending on their sodium chloride necessities. The majority of species are oxidase-positive. Many species are sensitive to acid pH, whereas tolerant of alkaline pH.
Vibrio is usually pathogens of humans. Many species of Vibrio, counting V. parahaemolyticus, V. cholerae, and V. vulnificus, are recognised to have caused seafood-borne diseases like wound infections and septicaemia.
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