Both prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells contain free ribosomes, in the prokaryotic cell they are a reduced size compared with the size of the free ribosomes in a eukaryotic cell. They both also contain a plasma membrane, which acts as a selective barrier between the cell contents and the external environment.
Another similarity between the prokaryotic cell and the eukaryotic cell is that they both contain a cytoplasm this is what surrounds the organelles in the cell.
Both the types of cells have a cell wall but in the eukaryotic cells a cellulose cell wall is found where as in a eukaryotic cell it is mainly made up of a peptidoglycan call murein. The murein cell wall is also ridge compared with the cellulose cell wall.
In both types of cell, prokaryotic and eukaryotic flagella can be found but they are not the same in the both types of cell, in a prokaryotic cell there are no microtubules found where as in a eukaryotic cell they can be found towards the inside edge of the plasma membrane.
The size of a prokaryotic cell is generally smaller then a eukaryotic cell, a prokaryotic cell can be found normally ranging from 1 to 10μm where as a eukaryotic cell can be found up to 400μm but it is normally found ranging from 10 to 150μm.
In a eukaryotic cell a nucleus can be found normally near to the outside of the cell and it is also surrounded by a nuclear envelope containing nuclear pores where as none of these are found in a prokaryotic cell they do not contain a nucleus.
A eukaryotic cell of an animal contains mitochondria that’s function is the reactions of aerobic respiration within cells supplying the cell with ATP, but this organelle is not located in a prokaryotic cell.
Both a smooth endoplasmic reticulum that’s function is the transportation of proteins synthesized on ribosomes and a rough endoplasmic reticulum which’s function is the synthesis of lipids are found in a eukaryotic cell but are not found on a prokaryotic cell.
Prokaryotic cells contain structures called pili that’s function is gene transfer and attachment whereas these structures are not found on a eukaryotic cell. Flagellum is also found on a prokaryotic cell which are also evolved in the same process as the pili but are larger then the pili and is also not found in a eukaryotic cell.
In a eukaryotic cell a plasma membrane or a cellulose cell wall can be found as the external shell of the cell where as in a prokaryotic cell the murein cell wall is sometimes has a capsule which is an outer slimly surface to the cell which protects the cell from dehydration and antibiotics that may try to kill the cell. A prokaryotic cell needs this capsule this is open to the environment where as in a eukaryotic cell the cellulose cell wall does not face the environment.
In a prokaryotic cell the cell structure called mesosome can be found which is an infolding of the plasma membrane, which is related to cell division and replication, this cell structure is not found in a eukaryotic cell.
In a prokaryotic cell the asexual reproduction of the cell takes place by binary fission which is the splitting of two cells in half which produce two daughter cells which are identical copies of the cell where as this process does not take place in eukaryotic cells as the cells not divide in this way.
A eukaryotic cell contains a golgi apparatus which are evolved in the synthesis of glycoproteins which is the packaging of proteins where as a prokaryotic cell does not, but secretary vesicles which act as food stores in a prokaryotic cell and in a eukaryotic cell they act as part of the golgi apparatus, food stores and remove the waste products from the cell.
In eukaryotic cells chloroplasts are sometimes present, these organelles trap sunlight in the form on energy for use in the process of photosynthesis where as chloroplasts are not found in prokaryotic cells as the process of photosynthesis does not take place in a prokaryotic cell.
The cell structure plasmodesmata which is the pathway for movement of material from cell to cell is found in some types of eukaryotic cells where as this structure is not found in prokaryotic cells
Overall a eukaryotic cell contains a lot more organelles and is a lot more complex then a prokaryotic cell as a eukaryotic cell conducts many more processes then in a prokaryotic cell. The two types of cells face a different external environment meaning they need to be constructed to cope with the environment they are given.
