Defence against Disease.

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Defence against Disease

Biology assignment

Due date: 27th June, 2003

Suzanne Jensen

Concept Outline

1. Immunity

  • Immune system
  • Non-specific immunity
  • Specific immunity
  • Antibodies

2. Non-Specific Immunity

        A. The first line of defence

  • Figure 8.5
  • Skin
  • Mucous Membranes
  • Natural flora

        B. The second line of Immunity

  • Phagocytes
  • Killer cells
  • Neutrophils
  • Monocytes
  • Complement Proteins
  • Interferon
  • Inflammation
  • Figure 8.9
  • Histamine
  • Pus

3. Specific Immunity

        A. Cells involved in specific immunity

  • Lymphocytes
  • Bone marrow
  • B cells
  • T cells
  • Figure 8.10

        B. How do B cells and T cells identify foreign         material?

  • Major histocompatibility complex(MHC)
  • Class 1 markers
  • Class 2 markers

        C. Many kinds of B cells

  • Immunoglobulins

        D. The clonal-selection theory of antibody production

  • Clone
  • B-memory cells
  • Figure 8.14

        E. How much antibody is produced?

  • Figure 8.15

        F. Structure of an antibody

  • Humoral Immunity
  • Table 8.2

        G. Different kinds of antibodies

  • Figure 8.17

        H. T cells

  • Helper T cells
  • Cytotoxic T cells

        I. T cells and B cells travel around the body

  • Lymph
  • Figure 8.20

4. Acquiring Specific Immunity

        A. Active Immunity

        B. Natural active Immunity

  • Sub-clinical infection

        C. Induced active immunity

  • Vaccines
  • Attenuated
  • Primary antibody response
  • Secondary antibody response
  • Toxoids

5. Eradicating a disease by vaccination

        A. Why do we continue to get cold and flu?

        B. Passive Immunity

        C. Natural passive immunity

        D. Induced passive immunity

  • Figure 8.34

        E. Rabbits as antibody-making machines

6. Adverse events associated with immunity

        A. Allergies

  • Mast cells
  • Allergic responses

        B. How does a fetus survive the mother’s immune         system?

        C. Rejection of transplanted organs

        D. Immune deficiency diseases

  • Immune deficiency

        E. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

  • Aids
  • Figure 8.38

        F. Do plants have an immune system?

  • Mechanical barriers
  • Chemical barriers

Chapter Summary

1. Immunity

  • The immune system is able to distinguish foreign material from material that is made by the body.
  • The immune system has the ability to distinguish ‘non-self’ material from ‘self’ material. If a person becomes infected with foreign material, the immune system is activated and attempts to remove the foreign material before it causes harm to tissues in the body.
  • Non-specific immunity involves many physical and chemical barriers to infection and is not affected by prior contact with a particular micro-organism. It has no ‘memory’ of prior infection.
  • Specific Immunity involves the production of specialised cells and chemical substances known as antibodies which act against a particular infection. Specific immunity has a ‘memory’ of prior infection.
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2. Non-specific immunity

A. The first line of defence

  • Figure 8.5

  • Skin

        An intact skin acts has a barrier against entry by micro-organisms. A         cut or abrasion will allow entry of bacteria or viruses.

  • Mucous membranes

        Mucus secreted by the cells lining your respiratory tract traps bacteria         which are then swept upward to the back of the throat by the action of         cilia which line much of the respiratory tract.

  • Natural Secretions

        Many secretions of the body contain bactericidal agents. Tears and         saliva contain lysozyme, an enzyme that causes ...

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