This four sequence of DNA have big role in living organisms, the main function of nucleic acids is to store and transmit genetic information and use that information to direct the synthesis of new protein.
Human DNA is nearly a meter in length whereas viral DNA is 1.7mm.
DNA is the molecule which controls the synthesis of proteins. Proteins are used for growth and repair and also as enzymes, in which form they catalyse all other cellular activities. There are several kind of RNA and each of them have there own role during the biosynthesis of protein. The synthesis of protein involves messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA. The transfer RNA selects the amino acids, the messenger RNA read out the order in which they are sequenced and the ribosome, which contains ribosomal RNA combined with protein, carries out the attaching process. These ribonucleic acids are made up of a sequence of smaller units called nucleotides. The sequence of these nucleotides that determines the sequence of amino acids and the protein that is being assembled by the ribosome.[2]
This different from of RNA work together in living organism to synthesis protein, messenger or mRNA is a copy of the information carried by a gene of the DAN and the role of mRNA in the cell is, to move the information contained in DNA to the translation machinery. Transfer RNA (tRNA) synthetases play a major role in translation during protein synthesis working as adaptor by recognize a triplet on the mRNA through a region called an anticodon and carry a covalently attached amino acid corresponding to that triplet in the genetic code. Since there are three bases and four possible nucleotides there can be up to 64 (4x4x4) possible tRNA molecules.
Ribosomal RNA is the central component of the ribosome. The function of rRNA in protein synthesis is to provide a mechanism for decoding mRNA into amino acids and to interact with the tRNA during translation by providing peptide activity.
Ribosome also has 3 binding sites called A, P, and E. the A site in the ribosome binds to an tRNA bound to amino acid. The P site contains the new amino acid attaché to the NH2 group, then at the end the tRNA that was holding on the last amino acid is moved to the E site.
Protein biosynthesis is the process in which cells build proteins. Beginning with amino acid and transcription which are the used for translation. Therefore RNA has big role in protein synthesis, the first stage to synthesise protein is transcription. Transcription is the process by using an mRNA template, encoding the sequence of the protein in the form of a trinucleotide code, then transcribed from the genome to provide a template for translation. The second and crucial stage to synthesise protein is translation. Translation occurs in the cytoplasm where the ribosomes are located. Ribosomes are made of a small and large subunit which surrounds the mRNA. In translation messenger RNA ( mRNA) decoded to produce a specific polypeptide according to the rules specified by the genetic code. During this process the use of mRNA sequence is to guide the synthesis a chin of amino acid that form a protein. Translation proceeds in four phases: activation. Initaiation, enlogation and termination.
Generally, one of the primary function of RNA is to facilitate the translation of DNA into protein. And also transfer the genetic code need for the creation of protein from the nucleus to the ribosome. This process prevents the DNA from having to leave the nucleus, so it stays safe. Without RNA proteins could never be made. [3]
Reference:
- Advanced Biology for you. Michael Roberts; Michael Reiss, Grace Monger. Untied kingdom. 2000. pages 135- 243 ( protein)
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Biology of a functional approach. 4th Edition. M B V Roberts. First published 1971 untied Kingdom. Page 361- 370
- Eighth edition biology. Jonathan B. Losos, Kenneth A.Mason, Susan R. singer. Published by McGraw.