A third process as a natural killer cell which are also named cytoxic cells spreads granules on the cells exterior wall and attacks cells from the outside.
These capsuled bacteria escape and block specific process in the innate system due to capsule which protects preserving a polysaccharide. They are unaffected by phagocytosis and are able to replicate viruses in the surrounding environment. It has been found that bacteria without a capsule can reproduce rapidly compared to encapsulated bacteria. In order to reproduce encapsulated bacteria; whether the cell is able to produce an antibody to help generate a polysaccharide shield on which all this is dependent on the immunity of the cell.
Encapsulated bacteria block certain pathways and intervene in such a way resulting in change of cell function. They are able to stop the production of C3 covertase enzyme which involves the contact of this enzyme with the cell surface. This then effect the production of other vital proteins and C3b and C5b. Phagocytosis is known to use C3a to boost the reaction and both are used in chemotaxis which build up to phagocytosis. Furthermore without C5b the MHC cannot perform cyctolysis resulting from a complement attack. In some cases they are able to reproduce proteases which can cut away immunoglobins which affects the process of opsonisation and consequent in the denaturing of a phagocyte. Encapsulated bacteria are polysaccharides and are recognised as antigens which are T cells dependent. This therefore means that they are able to undergo T cell dependent germinal reaction. This shield acts as a defence against phagocytic production.
(C) What mechanism are in place in the acquired immune system to deal with these encapsulated bacteria?
IgC plays a crucial role in a defence and are agonist which act as opsonising antibodies. They attach themselves to the capsule and to the available pathogen. IgC contains proteins which connect to capsules via the epitopes. This then connects to a phagocyte and once in contact can prevent encapsulated bacteria. This is done by an insertion of a phagasome with the help of a phagocyte.
The acquired immune systems may contain two more mechanism which are the following.
- Humoral immune response which triggers of specific B cells to reproduce and get secrete large amounts of certain antibodies. These antibodies can interact with a particular micro-organism or even a potential virus and prevent an infection. These antibodies work in a way by disabling antigens; which then join to proteins and link to the antigen piercing holes into the bacteria which is known as lysis.
- Cell mediated immunity involves macrophages surrounds antigens and chooses to take specific sections required from antigens and uses it to as a part of its own protein chain and allowing it to identify the encapsulated bacteria. This leads to lysis with the help of a natural killer cell. The release of T helper cells controls this attack and helps eliminate the forth coming pathogens.
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(A) In general what does the process of vaccination hope to achieve?
The hope is to achieve false sense of benefits of preventing infections and help get rid of disease and help a person feel better. It gets rid of infection with the help of a pathogen.
(B) Describe the different types of vaccines, including examples and different immune responses each produce?
- Live attended vaccines – are generated from micro-organisms and are able to cause infection however are not able to replicate potential viruses or diseases. Key examples rubella, measles which are known as MMR vaccines.
They are durable and have a long term response and can remain for in the immune system for a couple of years
- Inactivated vaccines – they are known as denatured bacteria an can act as antagonist as it can create a defensive immune reaction. This tends to be very short of life and is often eliminated with means of high temperature and other chemical compounds. Key examples are inactivated influenza.
- Toxoid vaccines are made from micro-organisms with heat and chemicals which are deactivated compounds known to be toxic. Key examples are tetanus toxoid vaccine and are durable to remain for a longer period of time.
- Component vaccines – made from partial viruses in which fight against an infection and is not a threat to the body for producing any forms of infections. These vaccines are not as durable in the immune system and are not long living. Example – hepatitis a and b vaccine.
- DNA vaccines enable to repair any damaged DNA.
(C) Explain why it is difficult to produce vaccines against, for example the influenza and HIV viruses.
Influenza and HIV are able to produce antigens which are only used for the day and are very limited. These antigens can be altered in anyway and therefore are not accessible with any vaccine. Therefore vaccines have to be changed constantly to keep up with this conversion. Both of them draw out antigen reaction. However in this case it is contain a capsule and therefore the linkage of antibodies and epiptope will not hinder the virus to combine with the cell. CD4 will be attached to the cell.
3a) multiple myeloma is a developing disease related to the blood is in a form of a cancer of plasma cells which creates antibodies or immunoglobins. This is made up of great number of damaging immunoglobins which are in the bone marrow.
This leads to increase amount of production of IgA, IgD, and IgG immunoglobin.
Hperglacemia – produces renal damage, unusual production of immunoglobins and are symptoms of this disease. This occurs mostly in the skull, ribs, spine and pelvis.
B) Monoclonal antibodies are also referred to myeloma cells related to tumour. These cannot give off immunoglobins and lack enzymes of HGPRT. These cells are used as tools in medicine to detect diseases, cancers and pregnancy as well as AIDS. These antibodies are processed in the lab and are able to remain in the immune system for a very long time and form a hybrid cell and can replicate thousands of antibodies which are limited to their specific antigen.
Bibliography
Immunology For Life Scientists A basic introduction pages -226, 264
