I have found out though that these chemical can damage the enviroment it is safe to wash them down the skin once used as these will be low concentration and they will dilyted with water which weakens it effect a lots, so therefore they will are damage to the envionement nor pose any threat to the envionement.
Before I did my main experment I did a preliminaly test to found out the concentrations od sodium hydroxide will give me the best reslts, and how much of it to use, this is the same as the hydroxide peroxide thought I know I will use 10% volumn, so I have to know how much to use, too little and there be little or no reaction, or a very slow reaction, to much and it will be over to guick, it is also liver and hydroxide peroxide are very explosibe together, this could cause a problem as the reaction would be over so fast there would be no chance at taking any reslts down. I found out the the best amount to use is 2.5cm³ for each and concentration of 1, 0.1, 0.01, 0.001 and 0.0001 M. Also the point of this test was to found out how many raeding to take and at what times, as to say a reading every 30 seconds would not give me a relieavable set of restls, and say every 2 seconds will give me a lot of restls and also it wuld be very hard to take a reading every 2 seconds. I found that a reading every 5 seconds give me the time to take down the restls and at the same time give me relieavable set of restls as well.
Implementing
Before I did my main experiment I did a test on what reacting hydroxide peroxide with the liver the gas that will be produced will be oxygen, these is what I got:
Testing Hydroxide Peroxide with liver
I also did an test with hydroxide peroxide and distilled water to see it I could get a reaction with the two, this is what I got:
Testing Hydroxide Peroxide with distilled water on liver
All average showen in all of my table have degree of accuracy of (1.d.p)
This is my main investigation the effects of sodium hydroxide concentration on catalase, each test I have repeated three times to get an average so that it gives me more relievable results, and that it is more easier to put these into a graph so I can analysis my results.
Analysis
My results show that as you increase the concentration of Sodium Hydroxide, you decrease the rate of reaction, the enzyme activity, this is because Sodium Hydroxide is an alkaline, so the higher the concentration, the less it is distilled by the water, the more alkaline base it is, and this effect catalase (liver) because of the fact that it will lose its hydrogen ions to the solution causing a change in the chemical bonds of the enzyme molecule causing a change in the shape of the enzyme, causing the enzyme activity will decrease to when it stops, due to this change or in other words it will denature the enzyme. Mean that once this has happen to all the enzyme in the reaction there will be nothing to react with and therefore no gas will be produced and therefore it has reach its reaction limit.
On my graph is dose show a trend that as you increase the concentration of Sodium Hydroxide you decrease the gas produced, which is show in my graph by the fact that NaOH at 1M had a much lower gas produced compared to 0.0001M where it had a high gas produced over the same amount of time. This would be down to the fact that catalase is an enzyme and will have it activity rate effect at different pH levels, as Sodium Hydroxide is an alkaline so the higher the concentration the more off a stronger alkaline it is, which in turn denature the enzyme meaning that it shape has changed and can no longer react with the substrate as it can no longer fit in the enzyme and therefore the quicker this happens the lower the rate of relation with be. Pattern that I have found in my graph is that they all seem to look like this
This can be easily described why this has happened, but putting the graph into three sections A, B and C like so:
Section A is the start of the reaction when you first add the liver to the Sodium Hydroxide then adding the Hydroxide Peroxide, the reaction is quick here no matter at what concentration the Sodium Hydroxide as the enzymes are reacting with the substrate faster then it can break then down, this part of the reaction can also be linked to the collision theory because of the fact that the reaction is only happening, and gas is being released because of the enzymes are colliding with the substrate, but as soon as all the enzymes have become denature the substrate can no longer fit into the enzyme so they can no longer react. However section A is the fastest bit of the reaction as a lot gas is being produced in a small amount of time.
Section B is the part of the reaction where there are a few enzyme that have not be denature yet or there is only a few substrates to react with so the reaction slows down, though the reaction its happening it is at a much slower rate then before in section A, and this down to two thing, one being that only a few enzymes have not been denature and therefore the gas produce will slow down as there are not so many enzymes and they can only react with so many in that time, or it to do with the fact that there are only a few substrates left for the enzymes to react with. From what I found it is more likely the reaction would of slow down because of the enzymes being denature in the alkaline condition. So section B of the graph will show that the react is starting to slow down though a reaction it still taking place only at a slower rate then before.
Section C show when the reaction has stopped, there it is either all the enzymes have been denature or the substrate have be react with till there is no more left. I found in my higher concentration of Sodium Hydroxide that it would have had denature all the enzymes by this point. I also found that some of my results did not reach this point of they did but only on the last two times.
My graph and my results both show anomalies (as highlight in graph with circle) and these could of happened for a number of reasons like put too much of something in, not starting stopwatch at the same time as put the cap in the conical flask to start collecting the gas in the syringe, not taking reading on the right time, some of the apparatus may not of been working as well as they should, like the gas syringe is know to get stuck if it is not lube up enough, which may of effect the results in one way. It could also be that chemicals or liver may not be fresh, this would mainly effect the liver because of it is not fresh then the catalase in it is not as effective. There are many factors that can cause anomalies.
Thought my graph dose not show many anomalies there are some their, and some other factors like the fact there is a cross over between two concentration 0.01M and 0.001M which is very inconstant compared to the my other results, tough the concentration of 0.001M starts faster and finish the reaction with a higher level of gas produced, the 0.01M over all have a faster reaction over the same time. This is really the only case in my results that proves my prediction wrong, in that the higher the concentration of Sodium Hydroxide the decrease in gas produced. This many of happened for a number of reasons, could of then down to using more the a gram of liver, or using more then the 2.5cm³ of Sodium Hydroxide and Hydroxide Peroxide, using to much of both or one or the other, could of effect my results in that way, that you get this cross over of results. This also could of happen because of human error, not reading the gas syringe on the right time, not starting the stop watch at the same time as putting the cap on the conical flask to start collecting the gas, this could of happen in the 0.001M test which causing this cross over will the 0.01M concentration and causing it to have a lower rate of reaction. Though at the start of the reaction for the first 10 seconds the 0.001M have a faster rate of reaction, and at the end of the reaction at 80 seconds the gas produced fro the 0.001M is 24.6 cm³ where at the same mark for the 0.01M the gas produced is 24.3 cm³. so why is it in the middle of the reaction you get this cross over of the two and the 0.01M produced more gas, when it should be my 0.001M produced the more gas then the 0.01M. It could have happened because of the apparatus used where not working as well as they should, like the gas syringe it could of stuck at a point and causing a drop in the rate of its reaction, if this happened it would tell me why I got this cross over, what also could tell me why I got this cross over is that I may of used less then a gram of liver or less then 2.5cm³ of both or either Sodium Hydroxide and Hydroxide Peroxide for the 0.001M test, and I may of used a bit more for the 0.01M test, which would be down to human error, and would be easily changed if I did the investigation again.
I have also found a few anomalies in my results as well, and they are highlighted on my graph with a circle, I have no anomalies for my 1M concentration, though a few are off the line of best fit they are only off by a few millimetres so they are not really anomalies. There are also none for my 0.1M concentration but again there are a few off the line but same as the 1M they are only a few millimetres so you can’t really call then anomalies, only really one anomalies at 15 seconds which produced a volume of gas of 5cm³ this may of happen for a number of reasons, like not reading the gas syringe right, or not reading it on the right time, though this is only a average of the three test I done at this concentration so it may only be one of result that may have been wrong so this can cause the average to be lower, or it could be that, that is result and it may not fill into my graph or fit in line with all my other results at the same concentartion. My 0.01M concentration again dose not really have any anomalies only a few of the line, but this concentration has more gas produced from the times of 10 seconds to 75 seconds then my 0.001M, which is bigger anomaly then any that my graph show, because it not meant to happen, it is meant to be the other way around, that my 0.001M concentration produced more gas then the 0.01M. there are a few anomalies for my 0.0001M concentration one at 35 seconds and the other at 45 seconds, though they are not a million miles of my line of best fit, and they show that there is a increase in the amount of gas being produced, it only the one at 45 second that dose not shoe this as it is at the show level as the 40 second mark at 19.6cm³, and this could be due to the fact that the enzyme have not react will any substrate during this time or that the gas syringe has got stuck, which also could of caused it.
Evolution
I believe that my result are relievable apart from the two results from 0.01M and 0.001Mconcentartions which also prove my prediction wrong, but this may off been caused by many factors, so these two results are unbelievable, but all the others are. This could effect my overall conclusion as because if these two results are either wrong or unbelievable, what’s to say that all my other results are unbelievable to, so they don’t help. Though I believe that I did my investigation well enough to say that my results are relievable to prove my prediction right and that I did the same for every test that I did, so the results being like that must be go to the apparatus not working well or the chemical used and/or the liver was not fresh, which would cause the reaction to slow down and produced less gas, as the enzymes are not as active as they would be if they was fresh. Though also this was only one investigation, so if I was to do more, you could use different chemical, different form of which catalase is in, you can test over different temperatures; you would use even more concentrations as this will give you more results and therefore make the more relievable as you have more to draw from. It is also if you do much instigation on the same thing you will get a better look at what you have got and what is happening and you would get a better over view of what going on, and therefore this would cancel out any anomalies that are present to the investigation.
It is also that the investigation will have limitation to it, because you are doing it in school, like time if you have a longer time to do it, you would do more to the investigation to get more relievable results, also the chemical you use and the apparatus you use because of being a school they can not have the really strong chemicals nor can they afford to have the best apparatus going, the most update that are run by computers and are very relievable to use, should apparatus that you found in university, though the gas syringe in the best to use to collect the in a school as the work and work well, though they can go wrong, like they get stuck some of the time half way through a test which will cause it to go wrong, this only happens if the gas syringe is not lube up enough to stop this happening, so that it can more smooth and freely to collect the gas.
If I could do this investigation again what would I do to make it better and to prove my prediction right 100% will no anomalies that would question it. I would use more concentration of Sodium Hydroxide, to give me more results to see if my prediction was right, you could use better apparatus to stop the anomalies, as a gas syringe works and works well but it can go wrong and not work very well at all, and there are better apparatus out there they work well and don’t go wrong, but they cost a lot of money to get and are only really found in universities. I could also did my experiment over a longer time so that I can see the point to which the reaction will n longer happening to it have reach its reaction limit as it would show me also the amount of gas produced over that, but also which reaction would last longer and how longer compared to all the others or to see how lone it takes to react all the substrates with the enzymes or that how long it takes for the alkaline solution to denature all the enzymes till the reaction stops, and also doing it over a longer tiem will give more relievable results as it will show me how long the reaction will last, this only really happen for one of my teas the 1M concentration as it reach it reaction limit by 65 seconds, this could have been down to the fact that it is a high concentration of a alkaline so denature all the enzymes.Could also use different materials that will react with catalase to see if that has any effect at all, you could use different tissues or different chemicals for this, like more and different alkaline as this is what I use in my investigation, as you could use different alkaline to see if they have a different effect or the some on catalase, as this will give a better sign to what the effects of different alkaline concentration have on catalase. I could also use more liver, use more then a gram of it to see what effect that has, which is likely to increase the amount of gas being produced, same as if I would to increase the amount of Sodium hydroxide and Hydroxide Peroxide would likely increase the gas produced or could have the opposite effect and decrease the amount of gas produced, as there is more of the alkaline substance and therefore it will be quicker at denaturing the enzymes and there will be less gas produced because the enzymes can no longer react with the substrate, as Sodium Hydroxide being an alkaline and catalase being a enzyme, over time, quicker in higher concentration of Sodium Hydroxide, catalyse will lose its hydrogen ions which changes the produced of the chemical bonds of the enzyme molecule causing a change in the shape of the enzyme or know as denaturing the enzyme, so the substrate can no longer fit into the enzyme and therefore can no longer react with it.
Therefore I believe my investigation well apart from one set of result other then that, it went well, the experiment proved my prediction that as you increase the concentration of Sodium Hydroxide you decrease the amount of gas produced from the reaction, so therefore I believe that my results are good enough and relievable to prove it right and to show what happened in my investigation, so over all the investigation went well and my prediction was prove right.