Objective: To produce soap via the saponification reaction of fatty acids.

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SAPONIFICATION  OBJECTIVE:To produce soap via the saponification reaction of fatty acids.CHEMICAL AND APPARATUS:0.25 g NaOH5 ml 95% ethanol0.25 g fat50% water / ethanol mixture20 g of NaCl dilute in 10 ml water15 drops 4% calcium chloride solution0.5 g trisodium chloride (Na3PO4) solutionRESULT:CONDITIONS ........................... OBSERVATION / EXPLAINATION1. Soap + 3 ml distilled water .......... - Formation of foam of the soap2. Mixture from #1+5-10 drops ...... - Cloudy solution with white precipitatecalcium chloride.3. Mixture from #2 + 0.5
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g .............. - The solution turns cloudy.trisodium phosphate (Na3PO4)DISCUSSION:The scum formation is exist which floats on the surface of the solution when CaCl2 solution, which contains the cation Ca2+, react with soap molecules and contribute to the water hardness.COO- + Ca2+ ........... [COO]2CaTrisodium phosphate (Na3PO4) solution is added to clean away the scum formation of the Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions by capture and deactivate from the mineral from "hard" water. If not removed, these hard-water ions react with soap and form insoluble deposits. Trisodium phosphate binds to Ca2+ and Mg2+, forming soluble chemical species, called complexes or chelates. These complexes ...

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