AS- Assessed Practical (Skill I)
A procedure was given to me in which I followed. Whilst following the method, I noted that safety mesaures and risk assessment had to be taken into consideration.
Risk Assesment.
SODIUM DICHROMATE(1)
Stability
Stable. Incompatible with strong acids, strong reducing agents, organic materials, combustible materials.
Toxicology
Human carcinogen. Inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption are harmful, and may be fatal. Exposure may cause cancer. It is an irritant and may cause ulcerations and may also cause sensitization.
Personal protection
Safety glasses, gloves. Use only in a fume cupboard. Handle as a carcinogen.
Precautions
If spilt, scoop the solid off the table or ground and rinse tha area with plenty of water. Also add a mineral absorbent and rinse the area several times with water.
Inhalation:
Remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Get medical attention immediately.
Ingestion:
If swallowed, do not induce vomiting. Give large quantities of water. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Get medical attention immediately.
If in contact with the skin, immediately flush skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes while removing contaminated clothing and shoes. Get medical attention immediately. Wash clothing before reuse. Thoroughly clean shoes before reuse.
If it enters the eye, immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting lower and upper eyelids occasionally. Get medical attention immediately.
ETHANOL(2)
Toxicology
Causes skin and eye irritation. Ingestion can cause nausea, vomitting and inebriation; chronic use can cause serious liver damage. Note that "absolute" alcohol, which is close to 100% ethanol, may nevertheless contain traces of 2-propanol, together with methanol or benzene. The latter two are very toxic, while "denatured" alcohol has substances added to it which make it unpleasant and possibly hazardous to consume
First Aid Measures
Skin Contact
Irritating to skin. Remove affected person from source of contamination. Wash contaminated skin promptly with soap or mild detergent and water. Remove clothing promptly, if soaked through, and wash as above.
Eye Contact
Irritating to eyes. Can be damaging if large amount is splashed into eyes. Wash eyes promptly with plenty of water, while lifting the eye lids. Continue to rinse for at least 15 minutes, and get medical attention.
Ingestion
Intoxicating if ingested. (If ingested in undiluted form, it has a severe drying effect on mucous ...
This is a preview of the whole essay
First Aid Measures
Skin Contact
Irritating to skin. Remove affected person from source of contamination. Wash contaminated skin promptly with soap or mild detergent and water. Remove clothing promptly, if soaked through, and wash as above.
Eye Contact
Irritating to eyes. Can be damaging if large amount is splashed into eyes. Wash eyes promptly with plenty of water, while lifting the eye lids. Continue to rinse for at least 15 minutes, and get medical attention.
Ingestion
Intoxicating if ingested. (If ingested in undiluted form, it has a severe drying effect on mucous membranes of mouth and throat). Never make an unconscious person vomit or drink fluids. Wash out mouth thoroughly, and give plenty of water to drink. Do not induce vomiting. Get medical attention immediately.
Inhalation
Intoxicating if continuously inhaled for a long period of time. Move the person to fresh air, immediately perform artificial respiration if breathing has stopped. When breathing is difficult, properly-trained personnel may administer oxygen. Keep the person warm and at rest. Get medical attention promptly.
Exposure Controls And Personal Protection
Ventilation
Store in a well-ventilated area.
Protective Gloves
Use protective gloves made of butyl rubber if available.
Eye Protection
Wear approved chemical safety goggles where eye exposure is reasonably probable.
Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical.
Sulphuric acid (concentrated) (3)
Stability
Stable, but reacts with moisture very exothermically, which may enhance its ability to act as an oxidizing agent. Substances to be avoided include water, most common metals, organic materials, strong reducing agents, combustible materials, bases, oxidising agents. Reacts violently with water - when diluting concentrated acid, carefully and slowly add acid to water, not the reverse. Reaction with many metals is rapid or violent, and generates hydrogen (flammable, explosion hazard).
Toxicology
Extremely corrosive, causes serious burns. Highly toxic. Harmful by inhalation, ingestion and through skin contact. Ingestion may be fatal. Skin contact can lead to extensive and severe burns. Chronic exposure may result in lung damage and possibly cancer.
Precuations
Contact with the eyes or skin can cause serious permanent damage . Concentrated solutions of acid are extremely corrosive. When sulfuric acid is dissolved in water enough heat is released to make water boil.
Always wear safety glasses. Do not allow the acid or a solution of it to come into contact with your skin. When diluting acid always wear eye protection, and always add acid to water (not the reverse) slowly and with great care. Use constant stiring (sulfuric acid is much denser than water, and if you do not stir when adding acid to water, a layer of concentrated acid may form at the bottom of the beaker, creating a substantial temperature gradient where acid and water meet). Note that freshly-prepared solutions will be warm or hot, and will as a consequence be more corrosive than a cool solution
Eye contact
Immediately flush the eye with plenty of water. Continue for at least ten minutes and call for immediate medical help.
Skin contact
Wash off with plenty of water. Remove any contaminated clothing. If the skin reddens or appears damaged, call for medical aid.
If swallowed
Drink plenty of water and call for immediate medical help
2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (4)
Fire
Slight fire hazard, SEVERE explosion hazard.
Avoid friction, shock, and heat
Flood with water, if no water is available use dry chemical or earth.
Inhalation
Irritation, cyanosis, nausea, central nervous system effects with tremors, excitability, and convulsions.
Ventilation, local exhaust
Remove from exposure immediately, artificial respiration if needed, get medical attention.
Skin
Irritation, skin absorption may occur. Sensitization dermatitis may occur in previously exposed persons. If sufficient amounts are absorbed, systemic toxicity may occur as detailed in acute inhalation.
Protective gloves
Remove contaminated clothes and jewelry, thoroughly wash skin with water.
Eyes
Irritation
Safety goggles
Thoroughly wash eyes with water for several min, remove contact lenses if possible, and seek medical attention.
Ingestion
Carcinogenicity
Systemic toxicity may occur as detailed in acute inhalation.
Not a known carcinogen.
Do Not eat or drink in the laboratory.
Mutagenicity
If vomiting occurs, keep head lower than hips, get medical attention, if needed.
Not a known mutagen.
Safety
. Hair should be tied back at all times.
2. Ensure that the Sulphuric acid stays in the fume cupboard- it should not be removed.
3. Wear goggles and gloves at all times.
4. Wipe away any spillage immediately.
5. When in contact with eye, make sure eyes are thorougly rinsed with water.
6. Clamp the equipments safely to prevent breakage.
Observations
* When sulphuric acid was added to sodium dichromate mixed with water and ethanol was orange at first with some precipitate at the bottom. When it was added to the pear-shaped flask, it turned a dark-green colour and was fairly hot.
* In the quick fit flat bottom conical flask, there was a clear distillate with hint of yellow and a pungent odour was produced.
* The mixture in the pear-shaped funnel was boiling even though the electric heater was switched off.
Test
Observation
Comment
Test for the presence of a carbonly group to find out whether ethanal had been formed.
Strong precipiate maintaining its liquid orange colour.
Carbonyl group is present - ethanal which is also present in the distillate.
Mild oxidation produces this.
Test for the presence of an acid group to find out whether ethanoic acid had been formed.
Rosy Red colour- pH2 when matched up to the Ph indicator chart.
Presence of an acid group- ethanoic acid, which is also present in the distillate. Further oxidation produces this
Reference
. http://www.jtbaker.com/msds/englishhtml/s3506.htm
2. http://www.distill.com/materialsafety/msd-eu.html
3. http://physchem.ox.ac.uk/MSDS/SU/sulfuric_acid_concentrated.html
4. http://physchem.ox.ac.uk/MSDS/DI/2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine.html
5. Chemistry 1, Endorsed by OCR
