∙ Restricted use – use by certified pesticide applicators.
∙ State limited use Pesticides or Regulated Herbicides – affect non-targeted vegetation.
Pesticides are divided in different classes; for example, Acancide (kills mites), Biocide (kill microorganisms), Molluscicide (kills snails and slugs), ovicide (destroy eggs), rodenticide (kills rodents). These are some examples of different classes of pesticides, but there are more classes; however, each class of pesticides has its negative effect and tends to affect to non-targeted species (explanation of five of them and how they work).
∙ Asualm: Class of chemical: carbamate
Chief pesticide use and status: herbicide
Persistence: negative
Immediate toxicity (acuate): oral – low, dermal – low to medium, inhalation – low to medium.
Long term toxicity (chromic): suspect carcinogen
Adverse effect on other non – targeted species, physical properties: immediate toxicity – birds (low to medium), fish (low), crustaceans (low), bees (low to medium). Water: slightly soluble. “Nonflammable”.
∙ Carbofuron: Class of chemical: carbamate
Chief pesticide use and status: insecticide, nematocide, acaricide
Persistence: non – persistence to low - persistence
Immediate toxicity (acuate): oral – high to very high, dermal – ? , inhalation – ?
Long term toxicity (chromic): suspect mutagen
Adverse effect on other non – targeted species, physical properties: immediate toxicity – birds (very high), fish (very high), crustaceans (low), bees (low to medium). Water: soluble. Slightly volatile.
∙ Chlorimuran: Class of chemical: urea
Chief pesticide use and status: herbicide
Persistence: non – persistence
Immediate toxicity (acuate): oral – medium, dermal – ?, inhalation – low to medium.
Long term toxicity (chromic):
Adverse effect on other non – targeted species, physical properties: immediate toxicity – birds (low to medium), fish (low), crustaceans (low). Water: slightly soluble. “Nonflammable”.
∙ Copper sulfate: Class of chemical: inorganic
Chief pesticide use and status: fungicide, herbicide, algacide
Persistence:
Immediate toxicity (acuate): oral – medium to high, dermal – low to medium, inhalation – low to high.
Long term toxicity (chromic): motagen “bioaccumulates”
Adverse effect on other non – targeted species, physical properties: immediate toxicity - fish (low to very high), crustaceans (low), bees (toxic), mollusks (medium).
∙ Methidathlon: Class of chemical: organo - phospate
Chief pesticide use and status: insecticide, acarcide.
Persistence: negative
Immediate toxicity (acuate): oral – high to very high, dermal –high, inhalation – ? .
Long term toxicity (chromic): suspect mugaten
Adverse effect on other non – targeted species, physical properties: immediate toxicity – birds (high to very high), fish (very high), bees (very high). Water: slightly soluble. Slightly volatile.
There are pesticides that have been forbidden for the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency); for example, the DDT that its use was cancelled in 1973. It is considered the first synthesized pesticide at low cost. “A federal ban on the use of DDT, declared by the EPA in 1973, named DDT an enviromental hazard due to its long residual life and to its accumulation, along with the metabolite DDE, in food chains.” DDT, also, is probably the most water – insoluble compound ever synthesized.
Although all the pesticides and active ingredients that are registered have their negative effects on our environment, Scientifics are trying to develop new pesticides using natural resources; for example, the use of Zuccagnia puncata. Using its properties as a pesticide acting again Soybean Infecting Fungi. This is not the end of the develop of new pesticides because we want to get the best effects without hurting our environment and our health.
Reference
George F. Ludvik, Robert W. Risebrough
Pesticide. Pub. Date or year of update: July 12, 2002. Pages or article: tow pages.
Encyclopedia database.
June 01, 2004
George W. Ware
Insecticides. Pesticide Book. 5th edition.
Thompson publisher. Pub. Date or year of update: The Pesticide Book (1989) and Pesticide theory and application (1983).
Laura Svetaz, Alejandro Tapia, Silvia N. Lopez, Ricardo L. E. Furlan, Elisa Petanatti, Rosanna Pioli, Guillermo Schemeda-Hirschmann, and Susana A. Zacchino.
Antifungal Chalcones and New Caffeic Acid Esters frm Zuccagnia punctata Acting against Soybean Infectiong Fungi.
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. Pages of article: 4 pages. Year published: April 28, 2004.
Date accessed: June 01, 2004