I can tell D is from a normal person and the sample is urine using the biuret test showed that it is a normal persons urine because there is no glucose in it and this is the correct amount in a normal persons urine.
These results in my tables 1 to 4 are supported by scientific fact such as the biuret tests for proteins, Urea is made of these proteins and it is because mammals can’t store proteins or amino acids, any excess is converted into fats or carbohydrates for storage or use in respiration. The amino group (-NH2) of each amino acid is removed in the process of deamination in the liver, following the very soluble and very toxic compound ammonia. This is combined with carbon dioxide from respiration in the ornithine cycle in the liver, to give the much less toxic but adequately soluble compound urea. Urea travels into the kidneys into the ureters towards the bladder then into the urethra along the way it is mixed with water and useful substances are absorbed.
The Biuret test used in table 4 works in this way, a purple colour indicates the presence of protein. A blue colour is a negative result showing no protein. It works because sodium hydroxide breaks a protein into short peptides and the peptide bonds form coloured compounds with copper (II) ions in the copper sulphate.
There are certain levels used to establish whether a person is diabetic or not after using tests which measure glucose amount in blood and urine. These are the sorts of results shown in table 4.
In diabetic urine there is some glucose.
In normal urine there isn’t any glucose.
In diabetic blood plasma the glucose level is more than 0.12 100cm¯3
In normal blood plasma the glucose level is between 0.08g and 0.12g 100cm¯3
No glucose should be in the urine of a none diabetic, this is because in a non-diabetic the glucose is reabsorbed in the kidneys stopping it getting into the urine whilst in a diabetic it is passed into the urine the results of this can also bee seen in the tables.
The way glucose is regulated in a normal persons blood plasma is such: -
Suppose that the plasma glucose concentration rises because glucose is absorbed from food in the gut or released from the liver. Then both alpha and beta cells detect the rising concentration of glucose. Alpha cells cease to secrete glucagon but beta cells secrete insulin, insulin binds to receptors in the plasma membranes of membranes of muscle, fat and liver cells; glucose uptake from the blood by these cells increased and use of glucose in respiration by the cells is increased, liver cells convert glucose to glycogen and stops the reverse reaction. Alternatively, when plasma glucose falls because it is used rapidly by cells or is lacking in the food eaten: both alpha and beta cells detect the falling concentration of glucose, beta cells cease to secrete insulin, alpha cells secrete glucagons, target cells take up less glucose, the rate of use of glucose decreases and fats or amino acids are used instead in respiration, glycogen in the liver is converted into glucose and is released into the blood, all of this explains some of the results of my tables and the biuret test and the normal persons glucose levels in the blood plasma and urine shown in table 4.
Diabetes is different, diabetes mellitus arises when no insulin, or not enough insulin, is produced, or when the available insulin does not function correctly. There are two types of diabetes; Insulin dependant (type 1) diabetes occurs when there is a lack of insulin because of the destruction of all or most of the beta cells of the pancreas. Regular injections of insulin are needed for survival. The destruction of the beta cells is an autoimmune response. The uptake of glucose by brain cells and red blood cells is not dependant on the presence of insulin, but even in the presence of abundant glucose the sugar is not taken up by the muscles in the absence of insulin. Non-insulin dependant (type 2) diabetes occurs when the body does not produce enough insulin and that which is produced becomes less effective on the target cells. This type of diabetes can usually be controlled by diet, but sometimes insulin injections are needed, glucose is needed in the body to be broken down into ATP which provides energy to the body, which the body needs to survive so when the glucose is not properly taken up the human body would die, this explains my other results which are that of diabetics.
I studied the table and discovered that most of my results are not within standard deviation, the ones outside the standard deviation are 3, 2.4, 1.2, 0.6. 3 is 4 over the standard deviation, 2.4 is 12 over the standard deviation, 1.2 is 96 over the standard deviation and 0.6 is 38 over the standard deviation so overall my results are not reliable.
