Why the Body Needs Energy? Every living cell within the body needs energy which is used to do work around the body or to produce heat

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Fundamental of Atomy and Physiology

Unit 5 Assignment 2

Task 1(P4)

Introduction - Why the Body Needs Energy?

Every living cell within the body needs energy which is used to do work around the body or to produce heat or light therefore if you exercise you get hot and to digest food we produce heat because your body is using up energy.

Food is glucose which contains starch that then turns into carbohydrate which then produces fuel for the body.

The energy in the body is also used when breathing, thinking, eliminates waste, maintain blood pressure, regular body temperature and contract muscles.

What is Energy used for?

There are two rules of energy.

The 1st rule is that energy always comes from a source of energy for example,

* The sun is a producer this is because the sun produces nuclear energy.

* The tree is a primary source of energy because the tree leaves photosynthesise using the sun as a nuclear energy to produce glucose.

* The fire wood is a secondary source of energy because it produces chemical energy

* The fire is a tertiary source of energy because it burns fuel and releases energy an example of this would be heat, light and sound.

Reference:

Class notes hand out 12 / 3 / 2008

The 2nd rule of energy is that it can't be created or destroyed but only changed from one form to another form an example of this would be someone eating food glucose energy would be transferred to the muscle which allows the person to run therefore transferring chemical energy into kinetic energy, heat and sound energy.

Reference:

Class notes hand out 12 / 3 / 2008

Forms of Energy

Energy comes in many different forms an example of this would be fire is a source of heat energy, sun is a source of light energy, ear absorbs sound energy, food is a source of chemical energy which is the most common energy because it always comes from some sort of packaging and you always have to unpackaged it to use and abuse it.

Energy is a chemical bond which unites atoms and molecules together; this means the bond has to be broken into the glucose molecules that have to be released to produce a chemical reaction to release the energy within the bonds.

Molecules

Glucose C6 H12 O6

Burier continues in carbohydrates

This happens inside the cell

Reference:

Class notes hand out 12 / 3 / 2008

What is needed For Releasing Energy?

When you burn firewood there is always a chemical reaction when the energy is released it forms heat and light.

Fuel = glucose + oxygen

The Concept of Energy Metabolism

Metabolism is where the chemical reaction takes place within the body organs,

The chemical reaction will always be involved in using up energy or releasing energy from chemicals such as glucose.

Metabolic reaction produces different life processes however in order for us to be alive we need these metabolic reactions to release energy so that we can digest the food an example of this would be

* Repairing to make new cells

* Movement

* Growth

* Reproductions building hormones

* Sensitivity sending nerve impulses

These are all process that requires metabolism within the body organs.

Catabolic and Anabolic Reaction

This is when glucose is transferred into every cell within your body and is broken dawn into energy however the catabolic reaction means releases energy an example of this will be when carbohydrates --> glucose --> cell --> energy --> mitochondria --> oxygen and anabolic reaction means when energy uses up energy this is when the anabolic steroids build up muscles.

Reference:

Class notes hand out 12 / 3 / 2008

How is Energy Supplies to the Cell

Glucose is broken down to release energy in a form that the body can use which is called cellular respiration this takes place inside every cell.

+ --> + + Energy

+ --> + + Energy

This is a carbolic reaction this is when you inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide out of the lungs.

Reference:

Class notes hand out 12 / 3 / 2008

Inside The Mitochondria

Mitochondrion is where the respiration takes place, this is when the glycol sis splits into two carbons and then becomes three lots of carbons this is a series of chemical reaction.

Reference:

http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~sjjgsca/CeelMitochondria.gif

Class notes hand out 12 / 3 / 2008

Website viewed on 20/ 4 / 2008

Cardiovascular (heart) System

This picture below is the structure of the heat,

Reference:

Class notes hand out 02 / 04 / 2008

The heart is a muscle that is approximately the size of your fist, it ways round about 1 pound and is located behind and slightly to the left of the breast one this is so the heart can pump blood around the body however the heat pumps about 5 quarters (4.7 litres) of blood everyday or 1800 gallons (6768 litres) of blood everyday.

Reference:

http://www.medtronic.com/heartmc/patient/structure.html

Website viewed on 26 / 4 / 2008

Flow of Blood through the Heart

Reference:

Class notes hand out 02 / 04 / 2008

How the Blood Passes through the Heart

When the blood is deoxygenated it enters through the right atrium and passes through the interior vena cava. The atrium then contrasts and pushes the blood into the right ventricle.

The tricuspid valve is there to make sure that the blood flows the correct way therefore when the right ventricle contracts, it forces the blood through the semi - lunar valve along the pulmonary arteries towards the lungs.

The blood becomes oxygenated within the lungs, the blood then returns to the heat within the pulmonary veins; this then enters the left atrium.

When these contracts it pushes the blood into the left ventricle which has a thick wall because when it contracts it generates high pressure forces the blood through the aorta to the head and the body.

Reference:

Class notes hand out 02 / 04 / 2008

The Cardiac Cycle

Diastole is a period of ventricular relaxation Systole is a period contraction

Normally systole is longer then a diastole

Reference:

Class notes hand out 02 / 04 / 2008

Rate of Heart Beat

In the cardiac cycle the heartbeat on an average is 70 beats per minute (60 seconds) then the time of one beat or one cardiac cycle is 60 divided by 70 seconds is 0.8 seconds therefore you must remember that this is based on the average resting heart rate.

The higher the heart rate is the shorter the cardiac cycle is until a limit is reached when the heart would not have time to fill between successive cycles.

Reference:

Stretch B, BTECH national health and social care, (heinmann 2002).

Cardiac Cycle

The contraction of the myocardium produce pressure changes which results in an orderly movement of the blood, therefore the blood flows from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure, unless the flow is blocked by the valves.

The event on the right and the left side of the heart are the same, however the pressure on the right side of the heart is lower.

Arial stole is when the heart is full of blood and the ventricle are relaxed therefore both the atria contracts and the blood passes down the ventricle and the ventricular valve opens due to blood pressure.

70% of the blood flows passively down to the ventricles so the atria don't have to contract as much.

Ventricle systole is when the arteries are relaxed and the ventricle wall contracts forcing the blood out, the pressure of the blood forces the atria shut (producing the heart sound 'lub', this sound occurs when the pressure opens the semi - lunar valve and the blood passes into the aorta and the pulmonary arteries.

Diastole is when the ventricles relaxes, however the pressure in the ventricles falls below that in the arteries. When the blood is under high pressure in the arteries courses the semi lunar valve to shut this den produces a second heart sound 'dub', therefore during diastole all the muscle in the heart relaxes, and the blood from the vena cava and the pulmonary vein enters the atria.

The whole cycle starts again.

Reference:

http://www.thestudentroom.co.uk/wiki/Revision_Notes:_The_Heart_Beat

Website viewed on 27 / 4 / 2008

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

Reference:

http://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/smpe/biology/th/2122/images/PQRST.jpg

Website viewed on 19/5/08

Electrocardiogram (ECG) is a recording of the electrical changes within the myocardium during a cardiac cycle and consists of a series of three clear waves called deflection waves

P wave is the movement of the depolarization wave from the S-A node through the atria, leading to arterial contraction

QRS wave is ventricular depolarization

T wave is ventricular repolarisation.

Reference:

http://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/smpe/biology/th/2122/cvheart.htm

Website viewed on 19/5/08

Blood Vessels

Blood vessels have a simple job and the tube takes the blood around the body therefore the blood goes from the heat, were the blood is pumped to the parts of the body that needs oxygen and takes the blood back to the heart again.

Blood vessels are very valuable because it carries and transport blood, oxygen, nutrients and electrolytes and therefore the vessels also control the temperatures and immunity within the body.

The typical structure is of an inner layer of endothelial cells an example of this is a single layer of cells lining the inside called the tunica intimae.

A muscular layer called the tunica media, and then an outer layer called the tunica adventitia; this contains nerve cells and the blood vessels that supplying the vessel itself!

The tunica adventitia actually contains more connective tissue than anything else, and has fibroblasts in it.

Reference:

(Tucker Louise anatomy and physiology 1988)

http://www.blobs.org/science/article.php?article=54

Website viewed on 28 / 4 / 2008

Arteries

An artery is a blood vessel which leads away from the heart, therefore the pressure within the artery will be very high, however the tunica media of the vessel which hold the muscle is thick because the elastic vessels have to put up with the heart pumping enthusiastically all day long, by stretching to make room for the each swell blood and collapsing once again during diastole.

The artery has a thick wall with a hollow tube; it also has a fibrous outer covering and a middle layer of muscle with an elastic tissue, and the endothelial layer made of the squamous, this is so the artery can carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the body and the pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
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Reference:

(Tucker Louise anatomy and physiology 1988)

http://www.blobs.org/science/cells/bvartery.gif

http://resources.schoolscience.co.uk/abpi/heart/heart2.html

Website viewed on 28 / 4 / 08

Capillaries

A capillary are the smallest blood vessel that you find at the end of the bloods rout to the organs this is allowing the gasses (oxygen and carbon dioxide) and nutrients to pass through along with a large amount of water, so that the solution can dissolve in it, which then filters out through the capillary wall and baths the body tissues therefore the liquid is called interstitial fluid.

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