Write an essay on the general methods used for the purification and characterization of organic compounds, giving examples of the use of the methods you discuss.

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(Purification and Characterization of Organic Compounds)

Q.        Write an essay on the general methods used for the purification and characterization of organic compounds, giving examples of the use of the methods you discuss.

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~ Sample Essay ~

The methods chosen for the purification of an organic compound is largely determined by the physical and chemical properties of the substance concerned.  The principle techniques include distillation, recrystallization, solvent extraction and chromatography.

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Distillation

Distillation applies to substances in the liquid phase.  When an impure liquid or a liquid mixture is boiled, the vapour evolved contains a higher proportion of the more volatile component than the original mixture.  The vapour is then condensed and the collected distillate may be redistilled if necessary to yield the pure liquid.  

If the boiling points of the liquid components are close together, an efficient fractionating column is required, so that the condensation process takes place repeatedly in the course of a single distillation.  The fractionating column provides a larger surface area in contact with ...

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