How does positive criminology differ from classical criminology in its approach to understanding criminology nad responding to criminals.

school are made up of four main things. These are, free will, rationality, self-intrest and responsibility. Free will - People thought that god made people commit the crime, the classical school thought that people are not forced into commiting crimes. They believe that its our choice to behave in a criminal or non criminal way. We have a range of choices, and it is up to us if we want to break the law. Rationality,- This is where we think about each pro and con of each action we take, and we think about what we are doing. Self-intrest.- The classical school believed that we were all born selfish, and that we try to minimalise pain and maximize pleasure. They think that this is human nature. They believed that each one of us is a potential criminal, and that crime provides a short cut way to getting what we need. Responsibility- the classical school believed that if we do something wrong or do something at the expence of someone we should be able to own up and take responsibilty for our own actions. Also they believed that punishment was a good way to show potential offenders what would happen to them if they behaved in a criminal way. They believed that anyone who breaks the law should be punished to pay the price. They thought that the crime and he punishment must be linked. They believed that the punishment should be in proportian to the crime in order for the offender to think about what he has done. for example, if someone is caught steeling 3000 pounds, then he should be made to pay back 4000 pound fine back. Or stay in prison for the same ammount of time that the person would have taken to earn the 3000 pounds. Cesear Beccaria believed that there should be a fixed punishment for crimes written into the law and not be changed. He believed that all people should be trated equally and the punishments should not be changed from person to person. His theory can be summerised into the following 13 propositions (taken from an 2nd edition introduction into criminogical theory by Roger Hopkins Burke). 1) In order to escape social chaos, each member of sociey must sacrifice part of their liberty to the sovereignty of the nation state. 2) To prevent individuals from infringing the liberty of others by breaking the law, it is nessecarry to introduce punishments for  such breaches. 3) ''The despotic spirit'' or the tendoncy to offend is in everyone. 4) Punishments should be decided by the legislature not by the courts. 5) To preserve consistency and certainty of punishment, judges should only impose punishment set by the law. 6) The seriousness of the crime should be judged by the harm that it does to the society, not by the intentions of the offender. 7) Punishment must not be in proportion to the crime, It should be set on a scale with the most severe penalties corresponding to offences which cause most harm to the society. the most serious crimes are those that threaten the stability of society. 8) punishment which folows more promptly after a crime is committed will be more just and effective. 9) Punishment has to be certain to be  effective. 10) Laws and punishments have to be well publicised so that people are well aware of them. 11) As a punishment is imposed for the purpose of deterrence, capital punishment is unnecessary and should not be used. 12) Prevention of crime is better than punishment. 13) Activities which are not expressly prohibited by law are permissible.         Cesear Beccaria was from italy, where he was a mathematician. He was also the author of Dei delitti e delle pene which when translated into english means Of crime and punishment.  After being translated to 22 different languages the highly influencious book had a high impact on the legal thought and laws in the United States and In Europe. This book was his first attempt in showing a systematic logical and consistent penal system. Unlike many of the previous theorists, Cesear Beccaria believed that criminals owed a debt to society. He believed and proposed that the punishment should be fixed strictly in proportion to the seriousness of the crime that they had commited. Baccaria supported very strongly, supported the social contract theory. He believed that people could only be ligitimally bound to society if they have iven their consent to the societal arrangments. The nessicary conditions for the social contract are mostly provided by the law. We as citizans and the state have a social contract. We as people pay our taxes, obay the law and the state provides us with security. The police represent the state. In proportion to all this, the law must specify the relationship between law and the punishment given. The Punishment must come very soon and as quick as possible after the crime has been commited. The judge's and the jurys administer the law and punishment and interprate the law. Beccaria's theorys have a huge impact on modern criminal law. The idea of free will is built into many legal codes.         Jermy Bantham was a philoshopher and a leading disciple of Beccaria. He too thought that human nature had some place in people becoming criminals. He too was a believe that people would commit crime to minimalise pain and maximise pleasure. Bantham believed that it was incorect up-bringing that caused people to commit crime.