The Beveridge Report (1942).

Rebecca Leach The Beveridge Report (1942) The Beveridge Report started in the introduction of the Welfare State. The main reforms included: * The National Health Service Act 1946 - provided free and universal health care. * The Family Allowances Act 1945 - provided universal benefits for families with two or more children. * The National Insurance Act 1946 - provided unemployment and sickness benefits. * The Children Act 1946 - gave local authorities to set up social work for children. * The Education Act 1944 - provided free secondary education for all children. The problem with these reforms was that a number of assumptions were made about the family when they were being formed. It was thought that all families would be headed by a married couple and could therefore be treated as a unit. This meant that pensions, tax and benefits could be based upon a couple who would be married for life. Another assumption made was about the gender roles within the family. The men were expected to work full-time and bring home the family wage whereas the role of the wife was to be a full-time mother and housewife. Under the 1946 Act, women were not entitled to receive National Insurance benefits and the welfare of women and children was based upon the husband's employment and health. Lone mothers had to rely upon means-tested benefits, as the report did not include

  • Word count: 755
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Psychology
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Commentary on Edward Hopper's NIGHTHAWKS, 1942

Sumarsono Darsono (Jacky) Commentary on Edward Hopper's NIGHTHAWKS, 1942 Joyce Carol Oate's commentary on Edward Hopper's paining "Night Hawks", 1942 is told in the third person narrative. Using a reflective style of writing the reader is presented with the different thoughts of two individuals a man and a woman. Using such literary devices as imagery and symbolism this piece of writing presents a detail account moment in the life of a couple late at night in a brilliantly lit bar. This commentary is set against in a silent background, no one speaks and we are told "it's the middle of the night" and "hasn't said a word for the past ten minutes", presented with four character sits in the bar. First the reader is presented with a woman "wearing a red dress cut to expose her arms", followed by a man sits "silent beside her". The other two people are a man sits at the counter "unmoving except to sit his coffee" and the other one is the bartender. Against this the reader is presented with the transition of thoughts between the man and woman. Oathes starts with the woman "contemplating a cigarette in her right hand..."As information is revealed the reader learns of the woman's doubts "can she trust him" and the man's feelings. She wonders how long this relationship will last "he'll start to feel guilty in a few days, she knows the signs..." The man first thought is that "he mad

  • Word count: 1189
  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: English
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ATTACK ON DARWIN 14 February 1942 - 12 November 1943

ATTACK ON DARWIN 4 February 1942 - 12 November 1943 Darwin, the largest population centre in northern Australia, was considered a vital asset in Australia's defences against an increasingly aggressive Japanese Empire in the 1930s. Its port and airfield facilities were developed, coastal defence batteries constructed and its garrison steadily enlarged. The outbreak of war in the Pacific resulted in the rapid enlargement of the military presence in Darwin and it was used as a base from which to deploy forces for the defence of the Dutch East Indies. In January and February these forces were overwhelmed by Japanese landings, usually preceded by heavy air attacks. On 19 February 1942 Darwin itself was bombed. Japanese fighters and bombers attacked the port and shipping in the harbour twice during the day, killing 252 Allied service personnel and civilians. On 3 March Broome, in Western Australia, was strafed. In succeeding months air attacks were made on many towns in northern Australia including Wyndham, Port Hedland and Derby in Western Australia, Darwin and Katherine in the Northern Territory, Townsville and Mossman in Queensland, and Horn Island in the Torres Strait. Despite popular fears these raids were not the precursor to an invasion but they did serve to interrupt the use of Darwin's port facilities. The raids also tied up anti aircraft defences and air force units

  • Word count: 842
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: History
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Stephen William Hawking was born on 8th January 1942.

Stephen Hawking About Stephen Stephen William Hawking was born on 8th January 1942, exactly 300 years after the birth of Galileo. He was born in Oxford, in England (the place of the famous university). When he was about eight, his family moved to St. Albans, which is about 20 miles north of London, and when he was eleven, he went to St. Albans school and then onto Oxford University College. At college, Stephen wanted to study Mathematics (his father would have preferred him to do medicine), but Maths was not available at University College, Stephen had to do Physics instead. After three years of lazy work, he was awarded a first class honours degree in Natural Science. Stephen requires special needs because he has motor neurone disease. Motor Neurone Disease is the name given to a group of related diseases affecting the Motor Neurones in the brain and spinal cord. Motor neurones are the nerve cells along which the brain sends instructions, in the form of electrical impulses, to the muscles. Stephen got a severe case of pneumonia, which led to the loss of his speech. Stephen can not use standard IT equipment because he can not move much. He can move his hands but he can not move much else. Stephen went onto Cambridge to do research in Cosmology. After he gained his Ph.D. he became a research fellow and then got promoted to a professorial fellow at Gonville and Caius

  • Word count: 1266
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Social studies
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"By 1942, SEAsian Nationalism was largely a failure." How far do you agree with this statement?

"By 1942, SEAsian Nationalism was largely a failure." How far do you agree with this statement? Nationalism is a process whereby the people living in a certain region became more aware of themselves as a distinct group like a nation with a shared purpose, destiny and common goals. Nationalistic movements in SE Asia happened during the period of 1800s to 1942 by which in 1942 and most SE Asian nationalist movements ended up as failures. The statement that "SE Asian Nationalism was largely a failure." is true because by 1942, none of the Nationalist movements had achieved their aim of independence. However despite SE Asian nationalism being largely a failure, nationalism did Asia a service - it helped to raise political, social and economic consciousness amongst the people of SE Asia. TS: There was much disunity in the leadership ranks of political nationalist movements, this weakened the party and made it ineffective especially when organizing strikes and rebellions. Evidence: (i) Disunity among PKI leaders, as there was no common agreement and aims for the 1926 rebellion, and lack of unity, which also led to the failure of rebellion. The Dutch response showed its effectiveness when it suppressed the rebellion which outlawed the PKI. (ii) As for Thakins, there was rivalry among Burmese leaders. Freedom Bloc protested against U Pu and organized strikes in 1940 which

  • Word count: 733
  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Politics
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The Play reproduced by Jean Anouilh, Antigone, was first performed in 1942 Paris

How the play Antigone was influenced by the historical period it was written in. The Play 'Antigone' written by Jean Anouilh, in 1942, was not performed until 1944 in Paris. At this time Nazi's had control of France. The play was not allowed to go ahead as it showed sign of being anti-Nazi, but how far was this play influenced by the historical period it was written in? In August 1942, Paul Collete, acting alone and in full knowledge of his certain death, fired at and wounded a group of directors during a meeting of the collaborationist group 'legion des Volontaires'. It is quite obvious, in the play that this solitary act inspired Anouilh and that throughout the play he shows support for this mans sacrifice through the character Antigone. He is said to have found this act 'heroic, gratuitous, and futile-captured the essence of tragedy' This is made all the more apparent as after hearing about this act he immediately ordered a rewrite of Antigone. Throughout the play Antigone is shown opposing the regime for what she believes is right. This could be likened to standing against the Nazi's. As It was likely that if you were to stand up to the Nazi's you would be killed or sent to a concentration camp, like how Antigone was sent to death. That for the good of your country you should follow the orders and the punishment will be easier on everyone. For example; 'CREON. For whom

  • Word count: 1102
  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Classics
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Changing attitudes to poverty, by Government and Society between 1834 and 1942

Changing attitudes to poverty, by Government and Society between 1834 and 1942 Holly Exell 2/01/2006 Assignment 1 The Overall aim of this essay is to analyse and evaluate the changing attitude to poverty, by government and society between 1834 and 1942. This will be achieved through an examination of the following areas. a) The history of the Poor Law/Poor Law Amendment b) Philanthropic approaches and changes in public perception of poverty c) The Beveridge report d) Social Policy legislation with regard to poverty. The Poor Law of 1601 established the main features of the Poor Law for the following 233 years. The poor people of this period lived with humiliation, degradation and stigmatism. They would be forced to go into workhouses where the work was deliberately hard and unpleasant to discourage them from seeking relief from their parish. This was a Social Policy of control, Hierarchy of class, Fear, Misery and personal responsibility. In 1832 The Royal Commission on the Poor Laws was set up by the Whig Government with seven members. The two most influential being, Nassau Senior, the Professor of Political Economy at Oxford University and Edwin Chadwick, a lawyer and as previously mentioned private secretary to Jeremy Bentham. The investigation into the inquiry of the Poor Law was heavily criticised, classed as, 'wildly unstatistical' by historian Mark Blaug

  • Word count: 1592
  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Sociology
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July 2, 1942 - Diary enteries for a soldier fighting against the Japanese.

July 2, 1942 Dear diary, Another bloody day! I can't wait to get home and take a long bath. News has it that the Japanese are slowly moving their way down 'ere. Just recently they took that island Guadalcanal. Hope to god they get caught up along the way. Our division isn't ready for an attack right now. The rain keeps hammerin' down and its muddy everywhere. I hope that everyone else is doing better. Geez I 'aven't heard from Jack in ages. I wonder what he's doing nowadays. God I miss dem days. These Japanese just don't give up. They tried to capture Port Moresby but we fought em off. The Japs will be here soon and then they'll see. We'll overcome their great numbers and send them back to Japan. We'll show everyone what these "choco" soldiers can do. That's what their calling us back home because everyone thinks will melt under the pressure of a real battle but I'm ready to fight and I will die fighting for England. Oh gawd I don't like our current situation, nothing has gone right from the beginning, our uniforms were the wrong color, and our equipment was limited. It's so boring here, nothing to do but marching and lookout. Can't see anything at the moment, it's too dark. Half our platoon are under 30 years. No one here was eager to hear that they were being dragged off to New Guinea to fight against the Japs. It's been a while since the last letter Janine sent me and I'm

  • Word count: 1433
  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: English
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In what ways did the Nazi party attempt to eliminate all Jews from Europe from 1942 onwards?

In what ways did the Nazi party attempt to eliminate all Jews from Europe from 1942 onwards? Hitler and his supporters were very anti-Semitic. During the 1930s the Nazis had moved from introducing laws against the Jews to Killing them. The Nazis put Jews in Ghettos; they were walled off areas of the city. They were mainly built in Poland so the German public wouldn't see the true suffering of the Jews. The Nazis would only give the Jews about 200 calories a day and minimal clothing. They did this so many would starve or freeze to death. Ghettos were cramped and unhygienic leading to out breaks of disease, which also killed more of the Jews living there. The Nazis began to kill off and destroy Ghettos because the cost was becoming too high and because of new to wipe out the Jewish race. The new idea was discussed and decided upon at the Wansee conference in 1942. It was Himmler's idea to gas Jews to stop his men from having to shot Jews. Because this was too stressful for many of the soldiers. Himmler himself shot a Jew and some of the Jew's brain landed on his shoulder. In 1942 Heydrich put this idea forward at the Wansee conference. Himmler and Hitler were not at the conference, perhaps so that the gassing of the Jews couldn't be traced back to either of them. The idea of gassing the Jews was also thought of because the Nazis gained control of many more Jews when they

  • Word count: 969
  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: History
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Americans in South Norfolk and North Suffolk: presence and legacy, 1942- present day.

Year 10 History Coursework Unit C1 Local study Americans in South Norfolk and North Suffolk: presence and legacy, 1942- present day. ) Explain why and how the American Army air Forces used bases in South Norfolk and North Suffolk in the War against Germany 1942-1945. Britain had been bombing Germany since it was the only attack it could muster after the incident a Dunkirque, which left troops feeling very bad about themselves, the chances of winning the war and also left them with very little infantry weapons or tanks. The Americans used bases in England because, I believe, America wanted the status and the challenge of achieving continuous successful bombing efforts on one of the most Formidable Air Defence systems in the world at that time. So as to show the world they have the superior technology, an argument for why America used the A-Bomb. Britain had been asking America for help for a long time, the American citizens were reluctant to help Britain because of a number of reasons such as: Most of the population of America Originated from countries that were not renowned for their friendship with Britain for various reasons, such as War. These were countries such as Italy, Ireland, also people like the American Nazi party wanted Hitler to win for obvious reasons. Another reason was that they had helped us out before and many Americans had been killed and America

  • Word count: 2752
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: History
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