Cognitive Behavioural Therapy and Family Interventions for Psychosis.
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy and Family Interventions for Psychosis Helen Healy, David Reader and Kenny Midence INTRODUCTION Psychosocial treatments for schizophrenia are not new in the research literature. Psychological treatments have been previously used in the treatment of schizophrenia. For example in terms of behaviour therapy, operant approaches such as token economy programmes were used in the 1960s and 1970s to improve the behaviour of patients in long stay hospitals. However, the evidence suggests that the clinical gains were limited and did not generalise beyond the therapeutic setting and also did not address delusional convictions (Alford 1986; Himadi et al 1991). Other psychological treatments for schizophrenia can be traced to early work devoted to studying the impact of the social environment on mental illness. A plethora of early studies focused on the role of the family environment in the maintenance of schizophrenia which in turn led to the concept of expressed emotion (Brown et al 1972; Brown & Rutter 1996). Family interventions were first developed as a method for reducing levels of expressed emotion among relatives and are now recognised as a significant aspect in the treatment of schizophrenia. This approach marked a paradigmatic shift in the way family members were viewed by clinicians and has led to efforts to improve communication between
Explain key characteristics and concepts of Humanistic Therapy, Psychodynamic therapy & Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy
Lisa Chinnery Unit 2 1.1 Explain key characteristics and concepts of Humanistic Therapy, Psychodynamic therapy & Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy Humanistic Therapy The foundations of the humanistic approach provide the client with a deeper understanding of who they are, what they feel and the opportunity to explore the possibility of creating personal choices. It encourages self-awareness and self-realisation. Humanistic therapy is used for anxiety, low self-esteem, bereavement, depression, stress management, loss or relationship issues. The key characteristics are; Congruence – Genuineness, the counsellor shows honesty and openness toward the client, not putting on a front, they are equals. Empathy – Accepting the client for who they are, not judging them them whatever they say or do will allow the client to open up. Unconditional Positive Regard – Putting ourselves in the clients shoes, if the client feels, we are right there with them and know how they are feeling it will help them along the way, knowing that they are not alone with how they are feeling and where they are in their mind. Environment – A safe environment is needed for the client to open up and carry on along their journey, they should be seen in a secure, private, comfortable space that allows them the freedom to open up without the worry of outside influences. Also, that their sessions are
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy. Critically examine the philosophy and application for one chosen counselling or psychotherapy theory.
Hannah Bannister Word Count Excluding Bibliography- 2,429 Counselling theories Cognitive Behavioural Therapy Critically examine the philosophy and application for one chosen counselling or psychotherapy theory. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) focuses on the way people think and act, to help them with their emotional behavioural problems (Branch, R and Willson, R 2010: 9-11). Cognitive therapy was developed by American psychiatrist Aaron T. Beck in the 1960’s. His theory aims to treat various patients by changing their perceptions and views. For example if a patient was afraid of car parks due to a traumatic event, and the patient now associates car parks with such trauma. Then cognitive behaviour therapy in this case aims to help the patient stop associating the car park with the trauma but rather of a pleasant event instead (Dickstein, LJ et al 1997: 171). There has been ample research into such taught behaviours especially by B.F Skinner and Ivan Pavlov both of whom researched into conditioning behaviour (Rott, P 2005: 4-5). Cognitive behavioural therapy is an evidence based psychological approach, practised by a range of professionals, for the treatment of mental health and other personal and family problems (Sheldon, B 2011: 3). The term cognitive behavioural reflects the importance of both
What are the key features of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT?) - How does CBT differ from more
What are the key features of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)? - How does CBT differ from more "person centred" approaches? In the first century AD, the Stoic philosopher Epictetus observed that people are not disturbed by the events that happen, more so by the view that they take of them (Woolfe and Dryden, 1996). The view a person takes of an event depends on their chosen orientation, and their orientation is influenced by their beliefs about their self in relation to the world (Woolfe and Dryden, 1996). This is the theoretical origin of contemporary Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, one of the major orientations of psychotherapy deriving from cognitive and behavioural psychological models of human behaviour (Grazebrook and Garland, 2005). The earlier of the two approaches was behaviourism, created by JB Watson in 1919 when academic psychology was in its infancy. Watson believed psychology need only concern itself with overtly observable phenomena, not invisible thoughts and images (McLeod, 2003). One of the primary theories pioneered by behaviourists such as Skinner, Watson, Pavlov, Tolman and Thorndike was that all behaviour and beliefs must be learned, and controlled laboratory experiments proceeded to discover how they were learned (McLeod, 2003). Pavlov's (1927) Classical Conditioning model and Skinner's (1938) Operant model of learning (Gross, 2005) were the
Literature review on research methods;How effective is Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) in the treatment of Childhood Anxiety?
How effective is Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) in the treatment of Childhood Anxiety? Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, also referred to as CBT is an approach that "focuses on thought processes and how these might be maladaptive" (Sanders P 2009 p 58). The following literature review will explore and summarise four selected pieces of research that look at the use of CBT in the treatment of childhood anxiety and how effective it is. The term childhood in this case is referred to as children aged between 4 and 7 years. The term anxiety as referred to in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders is an Anxiety Disorder which is a psychological condition (DSM-IV 2010). It manifests itself as unusual or abnormal behavior such as; Panic attacks, Agoraphobia or Obsessive - Compulsive Disorder amongst others. (DSM-IV 2010) Search Strategy An online search was conducted using the University of Salford's research data base SOLAR. This is accessed online via the University of Salford's Blackboard. In SOLAR you opt for the ' find databases' search area. This area then enables you to access online research specific to the school or area of study, in this case Health and Social Care and then the subject area, Counselling and Psychotherapy. Solar then gives the option of a more specific database search engine such as EBSCO the academic search premier database (EBSCO
The purpose of this essay is to compare and contrast the approaches existential therapy and cognitive-behavioural therapy have towards understanding and working with fear and sadness.
Etma2 The purpose of this essay is to compare and contrast the approaches existential therapy and cognitive-behavioural therapy have towards understanding and working with fear and sadness. I will also discuss which approach I prefer and feel more drawn to and why. I will look at the pros and cons of both types of therapy before concluding that the approach I'm more drawn to is existential therapy. Existential therapy Ludwig Binswanger and Medard Boss were the first people to develop existential therapy in the 1930s. They based their work on a number of existential philosophers but mainly on Martin Heidegger. (Langdridge. pg. 126) Over the past 30 years existential therapy had made further progress and has been developed by writers and therapists such as Rollo May, Irving Yalom, Victor Frankl and Ronnie Laing. (Langdridge, pg.127) The main existential philosophers were Nietzsche, Heidegger and Sartre. Edmund Husserl believed that a therapist should work phenomenologically; trying to see the work as it is for the client. To adapt a phenomenological attitude a therapist must attempt to see the world as it appears to the client. They must be empathetic towards the client. If the therapist does not think in a phenomenological way, they are not working existentially. To work in a phenomenological way, one must engage in a process call epoche. There are four
Is Cognitive Therapy an Efficacious Treatment for Depression?
Is Cognitive Therapy an Efficacious Treatment for Depression? Tesni Rowlands Deakin University Waurn Ponds Subject: HPS308 Psychopathology Assignment: Assignment 1 Essay Student No.: 700165229 Unit Chair: Dr Eric Koukounas Tutor: Shannon Hyder Submitted: 25 August 2010 Word Count: 2016 Is Cognitive Therapy an Efficacious Treatment for Depression? Introduction Major depressive disorder, better known as clinical depression, is a mental disorder which is characterized by symptoms such as feelings of worthlessness, loss of sleep, loss of interest and an inability to experience pleasure for a period lasting longer than two weeks (Barlow & Durand, 2005). Traditionally, depression was treated using antidepressant medication (ADM) and was seen as the most standard treatment for severe depression (Dimidjian, Hollon, Dobson, Schmaling, et al., 2006). However, ADM was not useful for all forms of depression, with some patients refusing to take medication due to the harmful side effects. Therefore, psychotherapy techniques, such as cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) became increasingly popular for the treatment of depression and were given a high level of credibility. The way in which CBT was used to treat depression was to identify and alter negative thinking styles and replaced them with positive beliefs and attitudes. Similarly, IPT
Unmasking Anxiety with Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Unmasking Anxiety with Cognitive Behavioral Therapy It is not that uncommon that an individual may be late for work. They might begin to rush, and perhaps forget something at home that they needed. They may beat themselves up all day for having put themselves in that position. This scenario reflects typical anxiety. It is a normal reaction to stress by the body, but for some, it can become a chronic disorder. There are many treatments for this disorder, including prescriptions drugs, behavioral therapy, and even homeopathic remedies. Compared to these alternatives, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is the most effective long-term treatment for anxiety. There is a line between experiencing stress due to a difficult situation, and having a crippling disorder. Individuals with anxiety who wish to be treated must seek psychiatric assistance through self-help programs or doctors. Anxiety is a disorder that is often found hand in hand with depression, both of which can improve with treatment. Often times, many people do not recognize that there are different classes of anxiety disorders. Five major types of anxiety disorders include Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), Panic Disorder, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PSTD), and Social Phobia (SAD), which is also known as Social Anxiety Disorder (NIMH). These types of anxiety range from the
Judith Beck 1995, "Cognitive Therapy: Basics and Beyond" book review
Beck, Judith S 1995, Cognitive Therapy: Basics and Beyond, 1st edition, The Guilford Press, New York. The author Judith Beck is an American psychologist who is known for her work in cognitive therapy. Her father is Aaron T. Beck, M.D., who is the founder of cognitive therapy. She has worked closely with him developing the therapy for use in clinical treatment. Judith Beck has written this book in a clear, step by step style, for a novice or experienced therapist who wants to learn and practice Cognitive Therapy. She explains the methods of the cognitive therapy originated by Aaron T. Beck and has added her own perception on how to become a skilful cognitive therapist. The book focuses on explaining the main cognitive conceptualisations and techniques used in cognitive therapy. The conceptualisation provides a framework for the therapist to gain an understanding of the patient, diagnose the patient, and plan treatment within sessions and throughout the course of the therapy. Within the sessions the progress of the patient is continually monitored and the primary focus is on helping the patient to solve or cope with the problems that they have, and achieve goals which they have deemed important during the process. The book demonstrates the way in which a therapist would achieve this understanding of the patient using a range of techniques. The therapy is based on the
Would cognitive behavioural therapy in conjunction with routine diabetic treatment be more efficient in managing depression in patients with Type 2 diabetes than routine treatment alone?
Would cognitive behavioural therapy in conjunction with routine diabetic treatment be more efficient in managing depression in patients with Type 2 diabetes than routine treatment alone? Introduction The essay presented below is aimed at finding evidence-based answer to my question: "Would cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) in conjunction with routine diabetic treatment be more efficient in managing depression in patients with Type 2 diabetes than routine treatment alone?" It also involves the critical appraisal of a study which has tried to answer the above question, followed by the systematic review of 5 articles closely related to the topic. The aim of this essay is to investigate whether psychological interventions in diabetic patients with depression are effective in improving clinical outcomes. When looking into the medical treatment given to diabetic patients nationwide in the UK, I came across several non-pharmacological therapies that could improve the patients' adherence and control over their condition. The efficacy and the cost effectiveness of such therapies combined with usual treatment appeared to be an interesting topic to investigate. I have narrowed down the available therapies and specified my systematic literature search on Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, as its use in the management of depression in diabetes has recently become more popular in the UK and
