Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes Mellitus is a common disorder of metabolism in which the amount of glucose or sugar in the blood is too high, suffocating the body's cells, and damaging the sufferer's health. The words "diabetes mellitus" comes from the Greek words meaning "a fountain of sugar" (9). Diabetes Mellitus is a complex subject, but one factor is key to the whole issue - insulin. Insulin is a hormone - a substance produced within one part of the body that has its effects in other parts of the body, which it reaches through the bloodstream. It's produced solely by specialised (beta) cells within the pancreas gland. The stimulus to the pancreas that causes it to release insulin is the circulating level of glucose in the blood (8). After a meal, for example, glucose will rise both because it may be present in food and as a result of being produced by conversion from other foodstuffs by other chemical reactions within the body. This rise in glucose will stimulate the release of insulin, which then has several immediate effects. First, insulin stimulates the liver and muscle cells to take up glucose and become more active in making glycogen. Second, insulin reduces the liver's output of glucose. These actions reduce the level of blood glucose. Third, insulin activates muscle cells to manufacture protein and fourth, insulin stimulates fatty tissue to take up circulating fat molecules (fatty
Diabetes Mellitus.
Hiba 24/01/2003 Diabetes Mellitus Before the 1920's Diabetes Mellitus was a fatal disease, characterised by weakness i.e. lethargy and body wasting. This disease was known to be connected somehow with the pancreas, a gland located just below the stomach and with abnormal glucose metabolism, but the link was not clear. Today we know that Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic disease caused by inherited and/or acquired deficiency in production of the pancreas, or by the ineffectiveness of the insulin produced. Such a deficiency results in increased concentrations of glucose in the blood, which in turn damage many of the body's system, in particular blood vessels and nerves. There are two principle forms of Diabetes. Type 1 Diabetes (formerly known as insulin-dependent), in which the pancreas fails to produce the insulin, which is essential for survival. This form develops most frequently in children and adolescents, but is being increasingly noted in later life. Type 2 Diabetes (formerly named non-insulin-dependent), which results from the body's inability to respond properly to the action of insulin produced by the pancreas. Type 2 Diabetes is much more common and accounts for around 90% of all Diabetes causes worldwide. It occurs most frequently in adults, but being noted increasingly in adolescents as well. The symptoms of Diabetes may be pronounced, subdued, or even
Diabetes Mellitus
Alex Mansfield Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes is derived from the Greek word meaning "a passer through or a siphon"; Mellitus comes from the Greek word "sweet". Apparently the Greeks named it thus because of the excessive amounts of urine a diabetic would pass when in a hyperglycaemic state. Diabetes Mellitus comes in two forms, both of which result in the disturbance of carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism. Insulin is a hormone that enables the body to control blood glucose levels. It is a central hormone in controlling metabolism. It is produced in the endocrine part of the pancreas, which consists of very small clumps of specialised cells (the Islets of Langerhans) spread throughout the organ. Hyperglycaemia results if there is not enough insulin to cause cells to absorb the glucose from the blood or if they don't respond to the insulin. Diabetes Mellitus type 1 is characterised by the reduced production of insulin. This can be attributed to the fact that type 1 is an autoimmune disorder in which the body's own immune system attacks the glutamate decarboxylase enzyme in the hormone producing beta cells of the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. Thus stopping the production of insulin and results in a hyperglycaemic state. The autoimmune attack is generally triggered by an infection often a virus. This expresses a protein, which is similar to glutamate
Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterised by overly high blood glucose levels (hyperglycaemia). It occurs as a result of defective secretion of the insulin hormone or the abnormal decrease in sensitivity of insulin target cells - with insulin secretion too low to compensate for the resistance to its effects. In normal blood sugar regulation, glucose binds to pancreatic ß-cells - endocrine cells located in the islets of Langerhans. This causes the secretion of insulin into the bloodstream. The insulin, in turn, binds with specific membrane receptors of the hepatocyte cells of the liver. This causes the uptake, by facilitated diffusion, of glucose from the bloodstream through protein carrier molecules into the cells. The glucose can then be converted into glycogen (an insoluble storage carbohydrate) by the process of glycogenesis via intracellular enzymes of the hepatocytes. Three main forms of diabetes exist: type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes (occurring during pregnancy). Whilst, ultimately, all forms are due to the pancreatic ß-cells being unable to produce sufficient insulin to prevent hyperglycemia, the causes are different. Type 1 diabetes (otherwise known as insulin dependant or early onset diabetes) is due to autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic ß-cells. Sensitivity and responsiveness to insulin are usually
Diabetes mellitus.
Diabetes mellitus is a condition in which the amount of glucose in the blood is too high because the body cannot use it properly. Glucose comes from the digestion of starchy foods such as bread or potatoes, from sugar and other sweet foods, and from the liver which makes it and passes it into the blood stream. Insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas, helps the glucose to enter the cells where it is used as fuel by the body. The main symptoms of untreated diabetes are increased thirst, passing large amounts of urine, extreme tiredness, blurred vision, and weight loss. Insulin dependent diabetes (also known as Type 1 diabetes) develops when there is a severe lack of insulin in the body because most or all of the cells which make it have been destroyed. This type of diabetes usually appears before the age of 40. It is treated by insulin injections and diet. Non insulin dependent diabetes (also known as Type 2 diabetes) develops where the body can still make some insulin, though not enough for its needs, or when the insulin that the body does make is not used properly. This type of diabetes usually appears in people over the age of 40. It is treated by diet and tablets or, sometimes, by diet and insulin injections. The main aim of treatment is to achieve near normal blood glucose levels, which, together with a healthy lifestyle, will help to improve well being and
An insight into diabetes mellitus.
Diabetes Diabetes mellitus ranks among the leading causes of death in North America. Approximately 12 million people in the United States have diabetes, but about half of them do not know they are diabetic. The body of a diabetic person is slow in using glucose, and so glucose builds up in the blood. The kidneys discharge some of the excess glucose and large amounts of water into the urine. The hormone insulin, which is produced by specialized cells in the pancreas, enables the body to use and store glucose quickly. Some diabetics lack insulin. This form of the disease is called Type I diabetes (also known as insulin-dependent diabetes). However, many diabetics--especially those who become diabetic after the age of 40--have normal or even above-normal production of insulin. Their bodies do not respond efficiently to the insulin. Doctors call this form of the disease Type II diabetes (also known as non-insulin-dependent diabetes or adult-type diabetes). Most diabetics have Type II, which is a milder form of the disease. Symptoms of diabetes include excessive urination, thirst, hunger, and loss of weight and strength. These symptoms may be mild or even absent in Type II diabetes, which is most common in overweight individuals over the age of 40. Type I diabetes usually strikes young people but also occurs in adults of any age. The symptoms may occur suddenly.
Diabetes. What are the effective ways of treating Diabetes mellitus?
What are the effective ways of treating Diabetes mellitus? Problem identification and description Diabetes mellitus has become one of the most life threatening health issues in the UK. This widely spread disease has reached every corner of our society in a very short period. One in 10 of the population in the UK suffers from the disease. Only in about 14 years, the number of people who has the condition has increased from 1.4 million to 2.4 million. Furthermore "by 2025 it is estimated that over four million people will have diabetes." (Diabetes UK , 2010)1. According to BBC News, 20092 "rates of obesity and diabetes will continue to rise unless we do something urgently." Diabetes mellitus is a serious disease that affects the entire human body. "Diabetes is the fifth most common cause of death in the world." (Roglic G, Unwin N, Bennett PH et al, 2005)3. According to Borland, 20114 "Junk food is causing rising numbers of children to develop type 2 diabetes, a disease once seen only in adults." Other factors that is responsible for the sharp increase in the last few years is that the rapid increase in the rate of the obesity especially amongst young teenagers, as obesity is one of the major risk factor that leads to non-insulin dependent Diabetes mellitus. According to British Heart Foundation, seven out of 10 adults in the UK do not take enough regular exercise, which
Discussing a patient with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
Introduction The author of this essay will be discussing a patient with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and will also be discussing the nursing care that will be received by the patient following a hypoglycaemic attack. The patient being described is a fictitious seventy year old lady called Mabel Gordon; she lives in a flat in a city centre with her husband Bert. Mabel has had type 2 diabetes for years which has been poorly controlled by medication and diet. Mabel's diabetes has now progressively worsened; she has been commenced on a self-managed insulin therapy plan. She is cared for by the community nursing team and her GP; she attends the regular diabetic clinic. Mabel has no other medical conditions but is currently suffering a cold. On a trip to the chemists Mabel feels unwell, clammy, trembling and confused; the chemist calls Bert and the district nurse. On her arrival the district nurse treats Mabel for a hypoglycaemic attack, to which Mabel responds, but is concerned about Mabel's high temperature, she arranges for Mabel to be admitted to hospital. Aetiology and Pathophysiology Diabetes Mellitus has two principle classes, type 1 and type 2; approximately 90% of people with diabetes suffer from type 2, (Burden, 2003a). Type 1 diabetes is characterised by the destruction of the Beta cells. The Islets of Langerhans within the pancreas contain two types of cells,
Write a 500-word essay relating to the dietary impact of Diabetes Mellitus.
Write a 500-word essay relating to the dietary impact of Diabetes Mellitus. This essay will look at what Diabetes Mellitus is and explain some of the causes of the disease. I will also examine how diet affects this condition and the impact on a person's body if the diet is not followed correctly. Diabetes affects around 1.4 million people in the UK and this number is set to double by 2010.1 Diabetes Mellitius is divided into 2 categories; Type 1 and Type 2. Type 1 diabetes is thought to be an autoimmune disease-the immune system attacks a healthy part of the body. Beta cells are attacked and insulin is produced. When this occurs the blood glucose level build up has no way to enter the cell. The excess of blood glucose is the direct cause of the diabetes symptoms. The kidneys then respond by trying to get rid of the excess glucose, resulting in excessive urination. (See Appendix 1 for more information on this process) Since the cells are not receiving the fuel that they need, they pull fuel from other sources such as fat stores, hence the weight loss in a person. Researchers are increasingly believing that a person with Type 1 diabetes may have been exposed to an 'environmental trigger' such as a virus which then causes this disease.2 Type 1 diabetics are insulin dependant and also need to follow a healthy diet. The Type 1 diabetes is often referred to Juvenile Onset
In this essay I will be explaining both types of diabetes mellitus, how diabetes is tested for and how it is treated.
Diabetes CDA Introduction Diabetes is a condition that affects approximately 2.5 million people in the UK and shockingly 1/2 a million people, don't even know they have it. There are several types of diabetes. In this essay I will include type 1 and type 2 of diabetes mellitus, they have different causes and can be treated differently. Even though you cannot cure the condition, it is still easy for people to treat and manage. However, there have been ethical issues, because of the use of certain types of insulin to treat diabetes, but is it possible for the treatment to be ethical for all people? In this essay I will be explaining both types of diabetes mellitus, how diabetes is tested for( using Benedict's test, Clinistix, a blood test and an oral glucose tolerance test), how it is treated and the ethics behind the use of different types of insulin for treatment. I will also include the data from the experiments that I undertook at school (including Benedict's test) and explain and evaluate the results. What is diabetes? Diabetes is an incurable- but manageable condition in which a person's glucose level in the blood is high, the cause of this is either the pancreas does not make enough or any insulin, or the pancreas does not make working insulin. When the pancreas does not make insulin that works properly it is called 'insulin resistance'.
