Mitochondria & Chloroplast
Mitochondrion Chloroplast Similarity Main power source of the organism Double membrane, and intermembrane space. Contain DNA and RNA, which are involved with the synthesis of the membrane and enzyme proteins, when the organelles replicate during cell division. Contain 70s ribosomes. Contain similar enzymes and coenzymes Both are involved in ATP production via a proton gradient (across the thylakoid membrane of chloroplast, across the cristae for mitochondria) Have ATP-synthatases appearing as stalked particles (on the thylakoid membrane of chloroplast, on the cristae of mitochondria) Have electron transport chains (on the thylakoid membrane of chloroplast, on the cristae of mitochondria) Self-replicate. Differences found in both plants and animals. found in plants only Help in respiration help in photosynthesis. No pigment contains thylakoid membranes and pigment molecules Matrix Stroma Releases energy from sugar Requires energy (light) to make sugar (glucose) Complex substances (sugar) are broken down into simpler ones. Complex substances (sugar) are formed from simpler ones. Krebs cycle Calvin cycle Compare chloroplast and mitochondria Chloroplast can only be found in plants, while mitochondria can be found in not only plants but also in animals. They have some similarities like: they both have double membrane and intermembrane space; Contain
Compare and contrast a Chloroplast and a Mitchochondria
Compare and contrast a Chloroplast and a Mitchochondria Mitochondria Mitochondria are small shaped structures found in the hyaloplasm (clear cytoplasm) of the cell, are responsible for energy production. Mitochondria contain enzymes that help convert food material into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which can be used directly by the cell as an energy source. Mitochondria are usually near cellular structures that require large inputs of energy, such as the flagellum, which is responsible for movement in sperm cells and single-celled plants and animals. Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the animal cell, where the products of the enzyme breakdown, or metabolism, of nutrients such as glucose are converted into energy in the form of the molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP). This process uses up oxygen and is called aerobic respiration. Plants possess, in addition to mitochondria, similar organelles called chloroplasts. Each chloroplast contains the green pigment chlorophyll, which is used to convert light energy from the sun into ATP. This process is called photosynthesis. Chloroplast is the structure in the cells of plants and algae where photosynthesis takes place. Chloroplasts are mostly disk-shaped organelles. They occur mostly together in leaf cells, where they can apparently adjust themselves to light. Each chloroplast is enclosed in a double membrane. Internally,
The structure and function of Mitochondria and Chloroplast
The Structure and Function of Chloroplast and Mitochondria In this essay I will be examining the structure and the functions of chloroplast and mitochondria. Mitochondria Mitochondria are the energy factories of the cells. The energy currency for the work that animals must do is the energy-rich molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The ATP is produced in the mitochondria using energy stored in food. Just as the chloroplasts in plants act as sugar factories for the supply of ordered molecules to the plant, the mitochondria in animals and plants act to produce the ordered ATP molecules as the energy supply for the process of life. A typical animal cell will have on the order of 1000 to 2000 mitochondria. So the cell will have a lot of structures that are capable of producing a high amount of available energy. This ATP production by the mitochondria is done by the process of respiration, which in essence is the use of oxygen in a process which generates energy. This is a very efficient process for using food energy to make ATP. One of the benefits of "aerobic exercise" is that it improves your body's ability to make ATP rapidly using the respiration process. All living cells have mitochondria. Hair cells and outer skin cells are dead cells and no longer actively producing ATP, but all cells have the same structure. Some cells have more mitochondria than others. Your fat
How ATP is produced in both the chloroplast and mitochondria.
How ATP is produced in both the chloroplast and mitochondria Introduction: Living organisms use it as a free-energy donor to supply free energy for three major purposes: muscular contraction and other cellular movements, the active transport of molecules and ions, and the synthesis of proteins. ATP is not a long-term storage form of energy - is an immediate donor of energy. Most ATP is consumed within a minute ofbeing produced. The turnover of ATP is very high . ATP Generation in Mitochondria and Chloroplasts: ATP generation is driven by the electrochemical gradient of protons (the proton motive force) that exists in both mitochondria and chloroplasts. However, the mechanisms in each organelle are different when compared in detail, as will be considered later. In both chloroplasts and mitochondria the driving force behind ATP synthesis is the proton motive force that exists between two cellular compartments. This force is produced by the electrochemical gradient for H+ across the membrane dividing the two compartments, which is impermeable to protons. The proton motive force depends on the difference in pH (i.e. the concentration of H+) between these two compartments, and the membrane potential of the membrane separating them. In one compartment the concentration of H+ and of positive charge is high, in the other the concentration of H+ is low and the membrane
The endosymbiotic theory.
September 25, 2003 Zoë Lines The endosymbiotic theory Endosymbiotic theory is the theory is prostates that chloroplast and mitochondria began as prokaryotes that were living symbiotically within an early eukaryotic cell. Chloroplasts convert energy from the sun to energy rich sugar molecules that can be converted to chemical energy in the form of ATP by chloroplasts. They trap light energy and use it to produce carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water. They are cigar-shaped cells found in the photosynthesizing cells in the palisade layer. Mitochondria convert potential energy to chemical energy and produce ADP, which cells use as an energy source. They are cigar-shaped organelle found in all cells Its inner membrane has folds, called cristae, which surround a fluid called matrix, they are used in the respiration process. The endosymbiotic theory is about the origins of mitochondria and chloroplast, which are organelles of eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells are cells that have a nucleus and prokaryotic cells are cells that do not have a nucleus. The theory states that mitochondria of eukaryotic cells evolved from aerobic bacteria living within their host cell. The chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells evolved from endosymbiotic autotrophic prokaryotes. The theory is now generally worldly accepted due to the evolution explanation. Mitochondria evolved from small
The effect of light intensity on cyclosis on Elodea leaf cells
The effect of light intensity on Cyclosis in Elodea leaf cells: Research Question: What is the effect of light intensity on the speed of movement of chloroplast (rate of cyclosis) in Elodea? * Independent variable; Light intensity (Lux) * Dependent variable; time taken for a chloroplast to move a measured distance. (s) * Controlled variables; temperature (oC), volume of water (mm3), using same leaf, CO2 (ppm.) Hypothesis: As light intensity exposed on an Elodea cell increases, rate of cyclosis inside the cell increases. Apparatus used: * Glass slides to view specimen * Elodea leaf (fresh from plant) * Microscope * Stopwatch * 3 lamps Procedures: One leaf was taken from an Elodea plant and examined under a light microscope at a magnification of around 400x. A cell was then located which performed cyclosis, and was exposed to the light produced by 1 lamp. 5 recordings were taken of the time taken for one chloroplast to move from one end of the cell to the other. This procedure was repeated with 2 lamps and 3 lamps giving 15 readings. The cell length was then measured by finding the length being viewed under the magnification and divided by the number of cells that fit into that length. The results were recorded along with the results of 2 other peoples and the speed calculated: Rate of cyclosis under increasing light intensity: lamp 2 lamps 3 lamps Distance:
Experiment - how the submerging of the Elodea Canadensis leaves in various liquids with different pH levels affect the stream of chloroplasts inside the Elodea Canadensis cells.
Cytoplasm streaming within Elodea Canadensis (the pond weed) Introduction: The movement of cytoplasm inside a living cell is called cytoplasm streaming. Cytoplasm streaming can be observed in both animal and plant cells. The function of the cytoplasm streaming (which is also called cyclosis) is transporting enzymes, nutrients, particles with larger sizes within cells, enhancing the exchanging between cells as well as between organelles of a cell. It is known that its movement can be increased by the light from the outter environment and that it is dependent on pH level and on temperature. Research question: In this experiment we wanted to find out: how different environments affect the cells of the pond weed - in other words, how the submerging of the Elodea Canadensis leaves in various liquids with different pH levels affect the stream of chloroplasts inside the Elodea Canadensis cells. Hypothesis: If the pond weed (Elodea Canadensis) is submerged in a higher pH level liquid, the speed of the cytoplasm stream (the speed of chloroplast movement) will increase (the higher pH of the liquid, the higher the speed of chloroplast movement), because when it is exposed to water (pH level 7), cytoplasm streaming is either very slow and cannot be visible or it does not take place at all - it is a comfortable environment for it. Therefore, the more the pH level of a liquid differs
Living things, Biology revision notes
Biology Point (1) Living things Mrs Nerg the 7 life processes: MOVEMENT REPRODUCTION SENSTIVITY NUTRITION EXCRETION RESPIRATION food + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water + energy. GROWTH Cells Plant cells: Nucleus, Chloroplast, Vacuole, Cell membrane, Cell wall, Cytoplasm Animal cells: Nucleus, Cell membrane, Cytoplasm CYTOPLASM: chemical reactions take place here these reactions help keep the cell alive. MITOCHONDRIA IN THE CYTOPLASM: Respiration takes place here. In the MITOCHONDRIAN respiration takes place to release energy from the food molecules. NUCLEUS: It contains instructions to make new cells; it also controls what the cell does. CELL MEMBRANE: it controls what goes in and out of the cell. It also gives the cell its shape. (it's a thin layer of skin.) VACOULE: It contains a liquid called cell sap (a large permanent vacuole.) CHLOROPLAST: It contains chlorophyll (which traps light for photosynthesis to take place.) CYTOPLASM IN PLANT CELLS: Contain starch grains CELL WALL: it's a tough cellulose cell wall that covers the thin layer of cell membrane and strengthens the cell. ORGANELLES: A small structure found in the cells like (NUCLEUS). Different organelles form up a cell. PLANT CELLS ANIMAL CELLS Nucleus to the side of the nucleus Nucleus to the middle of the nucleus Contains a vacuole that contains cell sap Sometimes contains
The Effects of Light Intensity on the Rate of Photosynthesis in Sun and Shade Leaves
The Effects of Light Intensity on the Rate of Photosynthesis in Sun and Shade Leaves In this investigation, I am going to experiment how light intensity affects the rate of photosynthesis. The plant I have chosen that exhibits both sun and shade leaves is Hyptis Emoryi. The very first step of photosynthesis is the process of photophosphorylation. This is where the light absorbed in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast is used as energy in synthesis of ATP. The next step is photolysis; here, the molecule of water is split into H+, electrons and oxygen. This stages combined together occur in the light dependent stage. The production of ATP and hydrogen ions is vital for the process of photosynthesis. Hydrogen ions are combine with proton acceptor, NADP. This combination forms Reduced NADP. Reduced NADP is crucial as it helps in the production of glucose, amino acids and lipids. Similarly, the synthesis of ATP is also very important as it provides energy to produce these products. This occurs in the light independent stages. In relation to the investigation, we can see, from above, that the amount of light intake is relative to how much ATP and hydrogen ions are formed. However, this is only true for sun leaves and not shade leaves. The reason for this is that in sun leaves, the palisade and spongy mesophyll is well developed. There is far more chloroplast per cell in
To investigate the hill reaction
Name: Kern Pemberton Date: 7th November, 2008 Lab#: 5 Aim: To investigate the hill reaction Theory: Photosynthesis is a process carried out in plants, in the photosynthetic organ which is the leaf. CO2 + H2O --> (CH2O)n + O2 A plant takes in CO2 and H2O and absorbs sunlight in order for photosynthesis to take place. These reactants then travel to the chloroplasts in the palisade cells of the leaf, where the actual process takes place. In photosynthesis there are two reactions; the light dependant reaction and the light independent reaction. The light dependant reaction takes place in thylakoids of the grana of the chloroplasts whereas the light independat takes place in the stroma. The thylakoids of the chloroplasts contain pigments which can be divided into accessory and primary pigments. These pigments form light harvesting clusters which can then be divided into different photosystems, those being photosystem I and photosystem ll. In photosystem I, the accessory pigments trap energy from the sunlight and funnel it to the primary pigment or chlorophyll a. This then becomes excited and releases an electron which is accepted by an electron acceptor. The electron then moves through a series of electron carriers arranged in order of their redox potentials. Meanwhile, the photosystem is said to be unstable as a result of chlorophyll a losing an electron. The electron
