Colonialism and Colonies.
Colonialism and Colonies I INTRODUCTION Colonialism and Colonies, one country's domination of another country or people-usually achieved through aggressive, often military, actions-and the territory acquired in this manner. The terms colonialism and imperialism are sometimes used interchangeably, but scholars usually distinguish between the two, reserving colonialism for instances where one country assumes political control over another and using imperialism more broadly to refer to political or economic control exercised either formally or informally. This article will discuss both concepts and how they have been practiced in different parts of the world. It will summarize colonial practices before the 15th century and then focus in more detail on colonialism and imperialism during the last 500 years. II TYPES OF COLONIES In the past 500 years, there have been several types of colonies. The main ones were colonies of settlement, colonies of exploitation, and what might be called contested settlement colonies. Most European powers established more than one type of colony. The British Empire, for instance, included colonies of settlement (Virginia, Massachusetts, New Zealand, New South Wales), colonies of exploitation (Nigeria, Jamaica, Malaya), a preexisting empire (India), contested settlement colonies (Kenya), and spheres of influence (Argentina). The French Empire
Lord Jim, Modernism and Colonialism
EN 4880B Modernism & Empire Mid-Term Essay Shivaranjani Subramaniam U051096U Lord Jim, appearing just at the turn of century, can be easily glossed over, due to the novel's maritime backdrop, as belonging to travel literature that was popular in fin de siècle England. However upon delving deeper, the novel's modernism manifested through aspects like the different viewpoints and as such a fragmented story, its self-reflexivity and the poetic nature of the prose, rescues the novel from such a quick and unjust gloss (Klages 165). For the novel does not glorify the journeys that the West undertook in the late nineteenth century in the name of exploration or the Empire- it rather, through its modernist aesthetics, undermines them. Keeping in mind how late nineteenth century literature on the empire "was effectively a literary and visual form of pro-imperial propaganda", Lord Jim makes a clean break from that genre precisely because Conrad juxtaposes colonialism and modernism (Levine 121). Considering what the abovementioned modernist aesthetics comment upon colonialism and how colonialism itself is complicated in the text, this paper will show how Lord Jim avoids being labeled as pro-imperial propagandistic literature. Modernism actually does not just comment upon colonialism- it approaches the latter in a whole new way. The binarism or Manicheanism that normally holds
The Economic Effects of Colonialism
The Economic Effects of Colonialism Economic conditions play a large role in the way in which different societies interact with each other. The changes in the distribution of resources, in production and in trade which colonialism brought about shape world relations today. The capitalist system An important element of any economic system is surplus. There is a surplus if a society produces more than its basic needs. In some pre-colonial societies the community produced no surplus - people produced enough for their subsistence and then used their time for leisure (Bujra, 1992, p.152). In some kingdom systems, people were obliged to produce more than they needed and give the surplus to the provincial ruler. In some cases, this surplus was used simply to enhance the lifestyle of the ruler or elite. In others, it was used to provide for people to work in an army, a justice system, an exchange system or the arts (Bujra, 1992, p.154). The type of exchange system also varied. In some societies, trade was limited to local areas, in others barter was used, while others had developed a currency and a merchant class, in West Africa for example (Bujra, 1992, p.156). The principal difference between these systems and the European system which evolved during the industrial revolution was that Europeans began to use surpluses to improve production. This is called the
Colonialism and Local Traditions
EN3269 Southeast Asian Literatures in English Assignment 1 Shivaranjani Subramaniam U051096U Frantz Fanon once said that a native intellectual can "never make colonialism blush for shame by spreading out little-known cultural treasures under its eyes" (Fanon 13). This paper would beg to differ for Filipino writer Nick Joaquin's short story "The Summer Solstice", sets out to do just that with its appropriation of folk tradition, specifically the Filipino way of celebrating the summer solstice with the local cult figure of Tadtarin. This appropriation would make colonialism blush, this paper believes, for his short story is not merely an account of the festivities- it is a tale of struggle between traditions and betweens sexes. In this negotiation between binaries, Joaquin pits the Christian tradition of St. John's Eve against the neo-pagan tradition of Tadtarin and also, pits Paeng against Lupeng who in the story, embody patriarchal order and feminine desire respectively. By doing a close reading of passages from the short story, looking in depth into the various characters, their relationships with one another, the themes of gender, desire and power as well as narrative devices used, this paper will illustrate how Joaquin not only makes the story distinctly Filipino with the appropriation of folk tradition but more importantly, how he makes colonialism blush by having
Colonialism and Different types of colonies.
Nat 06 Feb 07 Grade 10C History Colonialism Definition: Colonialism is the extension of a nation's rule over territory beyond their borders. Colonizing countries usually control and exploit the resources, labour and markets of the colonized. Different types of colonies: Settler colonies: established by moving large number of people from a mother country to the country. The people settle down there and make a home for themselves often pushing the natives to undesirable land. Examples of settler colonies are New Zealand, Canada, The United States of America and Australia. This map shows some of the settler colonies (highlighted in red) Exploitation Colonies: Most of these colonies are set up by private companies such as the Dutch East India Company or the British East India Company. The colonizer doesn't usually stay for long just staying long enough to get resources of the country or to enhance their country's power. Some examples exploitation colonies are India, Tunisia, and Indonesia. Hybrid Colony: A hybrid colony is a mixture of settler colonies and exploitation colonies. It is basically when the settlers both think of the colony as a home and a place fore resources. Some may live there and some go back to their country. A good example of this is Algeria. An exploitation colony can also change to become a settler colony where the people just live
European colonialism in Southeast Asia.
4. In South and Southeast Asia, the encounter with European colonialism generated a variety of responses from elites, merchants, and peasants. In some cases, European influence did not find a strong pattern of resistance, while in some other cases societies tended to rebel. How would you account for this difference in response and how might you describe the ways in which South and Southeast Asians reacted to the changes employed by European colonial governments? Why did some choose rebellion over cooperation? European colonialism existed in South and Southeast Asia for a long period of time. The variety of responses generated from different groups of people was a result of the different treatments that various groups underwent during the colonial era. The presence of different political agenda, educational level and socio-economic situation are also determinants of the responses that the European masters received from the people. In South Asia, British colonial rule in India had been met with little resistance in the early 19th century. India was viewed as being "pacific; a safe and secure part of the British Empire".1 There were no massive rebellions or strikes except for the Indian Mutiny of 1857. The economic changes implemented by the British had led to the creation of a new middle class consisting of a rapidly growing professional class of Western-style
Post Colonialism in Pride and Prejudice`
Analysis Essay "Pride and Prejudice" Pride and Prejudice is a novel written in the late 1700's and early 1800's by Jane Austen. At this time period there was also a rise of the "Second British Empire". "Austen wrote it at a time when there was the rise of the "Second British Empire," and was one of the first authors to ever divulge into the writing possibilities of a topic such as Post Colonialism" (Brant, British Colonization). Pride and Prejudice however explores several other literary theories aside from Post Colonialism (notably Feminism, Marxism and Realism). Post Colonialism is the aftermath of colonization and is viewed as one of the most comprehensive literary theories for this novel. Post Colonialism is a vital aspect of the novel as it demonstrates the significance of wealth and social status and also reveals social hierarchy in which the roles of men dominate over that of women. Reading the novel while applying the literary theory of Post Colonialism clearly demonstrates the importance of which first impressions are meant to reflect the Post Colonial society in which the story is situated in. The first occurrence in which we see first impressions used to reflect the Post Colonialism society that novel takes place in is during the ball at Meryton. The ball plays a significant role in the novel as it brings two couples together, namely Mr. Darcy and Ms. Elizabeth,
Colonialism - A game of Othello.
Colonialism: a game of othello In the game of othello, discs are placed in a way such that black discs could be flipped to become white after each move and vice versa. For amateurs to this game, they would most likely adopt the 'maximizing' strategy in the beginning where they try to flip as many discs into their own color in the least number of moves. However, as we come to notice, this is the fastest way to lose the game. Colonialism in South and Southeast Asia during early 19th century to 20th century by the British likens this game of Othello. The British are represented by the whites and the Asians, the blacks. When the British gained control of India and Burma, they practiced the 'maximizing" strategy where they tried to influence the natives heavily from all aspects political, economic, social and culture, covering a large area in a short amount of time. Which lead to a strong resistance from the people under them and they 'lost' the game. However, the response was not the same throughout the social classes and these classes responded differently1 as colonization marginalized only certain classes, usually the peasants. In India, depending on the time period and the policies enacted by the British the reactions to colonization differ greatly between classes and sometimes even in classes itself. One such policy where responses differ in one class, the peasants, was
Frankenstein's Colonialism
Nick Vollono Katherine Hamilton 21 January 2009 Frankenstein's Colonialism Mary Shelley's Frankenstein sits in the collective conscious as the ultimate scary story; the seminal text on what the Western monster manifests itself as. When analyzing the complex relationship between the monster and Frankenstein, and together the effect of sexuality, a lesser said, more engrained message comes forth, which involves Shelley's investigation of the fears of her era. The monster is created as the ultimate incarnation of Otherness, where he is seen as so far different from "us" that our own identity is formed in reference to the monster. Victor's identity is formed in a similar way, as the monster symbolizes everything that Victor tries to not be, but at the same time is a manifestation of all that Victor represents. Shelley reveals this dynamic characterization through scenes that involve sex and death. In the end, the two themes of omnipotence and procreation are tied together as Frankenstein's ultimate desire, while the monster represents not only a manifestation of those wants, but an opposing symbol of the projection of society's fears and beliefs regarding sexuality. Frankenstein remains isolated from his family for months while creating his monster. Having finished his creation, Victor dreams that he is kissing his true love, Elizabeth, but as he kisses her she turns
Discuss the relationship between globalization and post-colonialism
Discuss the relationship between globalization and post-colonialism This essay will investigate two ways of looking at globalization and post-colonialism and conclude with the relationship between the two based on and understanding, that while globalization is a post-national phenomenon, post-colonialism is linked to the epoch of the nation state. This view clearly sets globalization and post-colonialism at odds with one another, each belonging to a separate epoch. Post-colonialism is connected with the use of the nation state, i.e. a full range of colonialism from absolute complicity to violent rebellions as well as society continuously responding to the experience of colonial contact. Globalization however, is connected with the rise of transnational corporations and the proliferation of markets that regularly cross nation-state boundaries. The second view is that globalization was first developed in connection with the expansion of the nation-state. History suggests that nation states have always seeked to expand in to other territory, seeking new avenues for resources and markets. However, due to the power of multinational corporations which increasingly operate outside the interest and boundaries of the state, the current form of globalization instead challenges the power and autonomy of some nation states. It is this paradox that has caused some social scientist