A Case for Electro-Convulsive Therapy: The Never Ending Contraversy
[Name of the writer] [Name of the instructor] [Subject] [Date] A Case for Electro-Convulsive Therapy: The Never Ending Contraversy Electroconvulsive therapy is the treatment of choice for severe depressive episodes. Although little definitive research exists to explain its effectiveness, since its development in 1938 it has proven effective for the treatment of depression with psychotic features and suicidal ideation. The procedure is explained and implications for the mental health counselor are discussed. Changes in professional understanding of mental illness have led to the increasing use of somatic, or biological, therapy as part of the successful treatment of some of the more common disorders. Somatic therapies are physical in nature, and the most commonly used of these are medication and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Many psychiatrists returned to the biological model in the 1980s and use both medication and ECT to treat the more severe or serious illnesses: (a) depression, (b) mania, (c) schizophrenia, (d) severe anxiety disorders, and (e) dementia. These disorders are common, handicapping, and often resistant to treatments other than ECT (Rey & Walter, 1997). In addition, they are the most likely disorders to have biological causes, and somatic therapies are seen as correcting an underlying biological imbalance. Electroconvulsive therapy is widely used
Is Cognitive Therapy an Efficacious Treatment for Depression?
Is Cognitive Therapy an Efficacious Treatment for Depression? Tesni Rowlands Deakin University Waurn Ponds Subject: HPS308 Psychopathology Assignment: Assignment 1 Essay Student No.: 700165229 Unit Chair: Dr Eric Koukounas Tutor: Shannon Hyder Submitted: 25 August 2010 Word Count: 2016 Is Cognitive Therapy an Efficacious Treatment for Depression? Introduction Major depressive disorder, better known as clinical depression, is a mental disorder which is characterized by symptoms such as feelings of worthlessness, loss of sleep, loss of interest and an inability to experience pleasure for a period lasting longer than two weeks (Barlow & Durand, 2005). Traditionally, depression was treated using antidepressant medication (ADM) and was seen as the most standard treatment for severe depression (Dimidjian, Hollon, Dobson, Schmaling, et al., 2006). However, ADM was not useful for all forms of depression, with some patients refusing to take medication due to the harmful side effects. Therefore, psychotherapy techniques, such as cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) became increasingly popular for the treatment of depression and were given a high level of credibility. The way in which CBT was used to treat depression was to identify and alter negative thinking styles and replaced them with positive beliefs and attitudes. Similarly, IPT
Discuss two biological therapies for depression. You should refer to research evidence in your answer.
Discuss two biological therapies for depression. You should refer to research evidence in your answer. (8 marks + 16 marks) Drugs are the first port of call for individuals suffering from depression and there are three main drug therapies that are used to treat the mood disorder. Monoamine-oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are used for treating depression as they are effective in treating the symptoms of depression but they do cause unwanted side effects that can, in extreme cases, could be life threatening. Individuals that are prescribed MAOIs need to restrict their diets to exclude foods that react adversely with the drug. They are usually prescribed when other medications have proved ineffective for the particular patient. Another type of antidepressant that is used to treat depression is tricyclic antidepressants. They work by raising levels of serotonin and noradrenaline in the brain. The specific effects depend on the mechanisms targeted. They have been shown to be quite effective in alleviating symptoms of depression and have fewer side effects than MAOIs. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs such as fluoxetine hydrochloride (Prozac), were originally though to be free of side effects and were prescribed extensively. In the last few years, doubts were raised about their safety and in particular, there were reports linking Prozac to suicidal behavior.
Electro & Funk
Electro Music The song I listened to for Electro Music was "D.A.N.C.E." by the French Group, Justice. The instruments used in this song and this style are different to other styles as most of the instruments are played on computers or are pre-recorded. Instruments include Keyboards, Synthesizers, Drum Machines and Sample Machines. There may also be decks if it is played live, so more mixing can be done. Because synthesizers and keyboards are used, almost any instrument sound can be put into their pieces. Other Electro artists include MSTRKRFT, Digitalism, Daft Punk and Bodyrox. Most of the songs in the Electro style are fast, around 125-135 bpm, but this song is slower, it has more of a walking pace to it. This could be because there are different types of Electro music, such as Electro Rock, Electro Funk, Electroclash and Electro House, which is the style that this song and most of Justice's songs are. Most Electro Music are usually instrumentals, but they can also have a voice on them, either singing or speaking, but they are usually edited with effects, or by using a Vocoder. The melody for the song is usually the same throughout the whole song. For example, the piano sequence might have only been played once and then looped and edited. The same 4-bar piano chord melody is looped throughout the song, although at some points, it is edited at some points; it is either cut
The pros & cons of cognitive behavioral therapy being used as a tool to defeat depression & discrimination.
THE PROS & CONS OF COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY BEING USED AS A TOOL TO DEFEAT DEPRESSION & DISCRIMINATION Personality & Counseling Theory Professor Thomas McDonough 1-08-2004 By: Donovan Howard The purpose of this paper is to investigate the pros and cons of cons of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, and determine if the approach this discipline presents may have productive effects for individuals that are afflicted by emotional duress / depression, due to the causal factor of institutional racism, which is the Achilles heel of American society, and has been the heart beat for in differential treatment between the races for several centuries. Definition Cognitive-behavioral therapy is an action-oriented form of psychosocial therapy that assumes that maladaptive, or faulty, thinking patterns cause maladaptive behavior and "negative" emotions. (Maladaptive behavior is behavior that is counter-productive or interferes with everyday living.) The treatment focuses on changing an individual's thoughts (cognitive patterns) in order to change his or her behavior and emotional state. Purpose Theoretically, cognitive-behavioral therapy can be employed in any situation in which "there is a pattern of unwanted behavior accompanied by distress and impairment. It is a recommended treatment option for a number of mental disorders, including affective (mood)
Describe and discuss the contribution of two different models of mental health in explaining Depression.
Describe and discuss the contribution of two different models of mental health in explaining Depression Mental ill health has not always been identified in our society; it is only in the 20th century that illness' like schizophrenia and depression have been recognised. Before this time, anyone presenting behaviour that did not fit in with the social norm was seen to be 'possessed' by an evil spirit. It has been suggested that the accused in the Salem witch trials may have been mentally ill people, a theory which would make sense. The idea that people with psychological problems were possessed was very much a belief held by most of society however, the idea that these abnormalities came from our biology was not revolutionary. Hippocrates believed that 'psychopathology resulted from bodily disturbances' (Hippocrates, n.d., cited in Joseph. S, 2001, 33) He believed that the body consisted of 4 chemicals named the 4 humours, (black bile, yellow bile, blood and phlegm) if these 4 chemicals became unbalanced then we became ill either physically or mentally and the treatment would be to try and balance the chemicals by- for example- blood letting. These ideas were the beginnings of what is now known as the medical model in mental health. The medical model now assumes that biology and neurochemistry are the causes of mental illness and 'A person's behaviour and experience may
Electro-magnetic Induction.
Electro-magnetic Induction Plan During this investigation I shall be looking at electro-magnetic induction. Electro-magnetic induction happens when a magnet is moved in or near a coil. In order for a current to be induced, the coil has to be part of a complete circuit. Even without a complete circuit, a potential difference is still induced across either end of the coil. Moving a magnet into a coil causes a current to be induced in one direction and then moving it back out of the coil induces a current in the opposite direction. A voltage can only be induced by the movement of the coil in the magnets magnetic field or the movement of a magnetic field round a coil. If there is no movement, then no voltage will be induced. There are several different input variables that I could change for this experiment, each one having an effect on the induced voltage. These variables are: * Strength of the magnet * Speed the magnet is moving * Number of turns in the coil * Area of the cross-section of the coil The output variable that I am going to measure for the experiment is the voltage that is induced by the input variable. For this investigation I shall pose the question 'how does the amount of turns in a coil affect the voltage induced?' This means that the input variable I am going to change will be the number of turns in my coil and I shall measure the change by the voltage
FactorsWhen looking at Susan's depression there are three sets of factors that need to be considered; predisposing, precipitating
Types of depression When looking at depression there are three different kinds of depression; major depression, dysthymia and bipolar depression. Major depression interferes with your ability to work, eat, sleep, and enjoy activities that was once found pleasurable. Dysthymia is a long term depression; the symptoms are not disabling but keep the individual from feeling well or happy with themselves. Bipolar depression is also known as manic depressive illness, this is when the individual gets episodes of extreme highs and complete lows, these mood changes can occur quickly. With regards to the case study major depression seems to be the category Susan falls intoLooking at depression it is an illness that affects the mood, body and thoughts of a person, it affects the person in the everyday life. Within this case study it is presented that Susan becomes increasingly pessimistic and stressed at work, these in themselves are sure signs of depression. When looking at depression there are three different kinds of depression; major depression, dysthymia and bipolar depression. Major depression interferes with your ability to work, eat, sleep, and enjoy activities that was once found pleasurable. Dysthymia is a long term depression; the symptoms are not disabling but keep the individual from feeling well or happy with themselves. Bipolar depression is also known as manic depressive
Music therapy and my personal response
Music Therapy Music is a one of the way of self-expression and communication in one of the most admirable levels of one's life. Music with human beings has been existed for a long time in a very different shape and way. The most important aspect of music is that it can be used as an emotional exit for people who have trouble in expressing themselves in words. Music aids build connections and support in learning and in communicating. Therefore, music has been used for medical treatment stated as Music Therapy. Canadian Association for music therapy (CAMT) defines Music Therapy as "Music therapy is the skillful use of music and musical elements by an accredited music therapist to promote, maintain, and restore mental, physical, emotional, and spiritual health. Music has nonverbal, creative, structural, and emotional qualities. These are used in the therapeutic relationship to facilitate contact, interaction, self-awareness, learning, self-expression, communication, and personal development." The use of Music Therapy as a healing procedure is an ancient practice (Buzzle.com, 2004). The reference can be found in Biblical Scriptures (Ibid.). Native Americans accepted as true in the efficiency of music in therapeutic both the body and the soul, and made it a vital part of their curing ceremonies (Ibid.). Music Therapy happened to be such a central part of medical treatment during
Explain key characteristics and concepts of Humanistic Therapy, Psychodynamic therapy & Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy
Lisa Chinnery Unit 2 1.1 Explain key characteristics and concepts of Humanistic Therapy, Psychodynamic therapy & Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy Humanistic Therapy The foundations of the humanistic approach provide the client with a deeper understanding of who they are, what they feel and the opportunity to explore the possibility of creating personal choices. It encourages self-awareness and self-realisation. Humanistic therapy is used for anxiety, low self-esteem, bereavement, depression, stress management, loss or relationship issues. The key characteristics are; Congruence – Genuineness, the counsellor shows honesty and openness toward the client, not putting on a front, they are equals. Empathy – Accepting the client for who they are, not judging them them whatever they say or do will allow the client to open up. Unconditional Positive Regard – Putting ourselves in the clients shoes, if the client feels, we are right there with them and know how they are feeling it will help them along the way, knowing that they are not alone with how they are feeling and where they are in their mind. Environment – A safe environment is needed for the client to open up and carry on along their journey, they should be seen in a secure, private, comfortable space that allows them the freedom to open up without the worry of outside influences. Also, that their sessions are
