Ireland 1918-1922
Irish Essay Toby Jordan During the period of time 1918 to 1922 conflict in Ireland increased due to a few main reasons. The 1918 Khaki election and Sinn Fein's boycott of Westminster, the IRA's drift into war, the arrival of the Black and Tans and the Auxiliaries in Ireland, the Government of Ireland Act, and the civil war of 1922. The Irish conflict remained unresolved at the end of 1922 due to the Treaty, the partition of Ireland, and party splits. The 1918 Khaki election was in large part of the rise to power for Sinn Fein. Out of 105 Irish seats that could be won, Sinn Fein obtained 73. Sinn Fein carried out its election promise to the people of Ireland in January 1919 when they boycotted Parliament at Westminster and instead met in Dublin. It was here that they declared themselves to be the Dail Eireann and set up the Republic of Ireland. At first, British Parliament paid no attention to the Dail. This was because the Sinn Fein members were members of the House of Commons and were entitled to some level of respect and courtesy. However when Britain and David Lloyd George in particular realized just how serious the Dail was, they began to take actions. The Dail was made illegal in September 1919 and now the cabinet members had to meet irregularly and in disguise. On the same day in 1919 that the Dail first met, the IRA killed two British policemen who were
Nazi Germany Revision 1918-45
Transfer-Encoding: chunked Revision Notes - Germany, 1918-45 The establishment of the Weimar Republic and its early problems, 1919-23 * The German Revolution of 1918 – abdication of the Kaiser, 9 Nov 1918. Armistice, 11 Nov 1918. The role of the socialist parties (e.g. SPD). New government under Ebert was set up to oversee the political changes and the introduction of the new constitution. (Ebert was declared the first President of the Weimar Republic in 1920.) How had Germany emerged from the First World War? (economic, political and social weaknesses) * The strengths and weaknesses of the new Constitution. The Weimar Constitution, Jan 1919. Democratic aspects – universal suffrage (voting), role of President, role of Chancellor, role of Reichstag, Proportional Representation. In what ways was the Constitution positive for Germany; in what ways was it prone to weakness? How was it viewed by German people? * Reactions to the Treaty of Versailles in Germany. Hatred of treaty, especially the imposed nature (‘diktat’) and the blame for the war (‘War Guilt Clause’ – Article 231). Loss of territory, reduction of military forces, payment of reparations. The treaty gave political fuel to the forces of nationalism in Germany. Versailles blamed for Germany’s problems after 1919. * The Spartacist and Kapp Putsches; political instability. Nature of
Describe Hitler’s Political Career Between 1918-1922
Describe Hitler's Political Career Between 1918-1922 Hitler fought in the First World War and ended up being shot and blinded by a gas attack. Hitler was very proud of his country and the army. He was a very brave soldier who would do anything for his country. In 1919 when the Treaty of Versailles was signed, Hitler became devastated and felt that he and Germany had been betrayed by the Government. He was so devastated with the Treaty of Versailles because he had fought and put his life at risk, just for Germany to sign the treaty and taking the blame for starting the war. This made Hitler even more "anti-democracy." The reason he was against democracy was because he thought it led to a weak government. Hitler didn't like everyone being able to vote as he was "Right wing" and hated communists. He thought some people weren't good enough to vote especially Jews because, to him, they were inferior. Hitler hated the communist uprising in Bavaria. He wanted to see Germany be a more powerful, single country-not being divided up into states. The German army accused Hitler of being part of the uprising-they accused him of mixing with his own enemies. To show the German army that he was actually innocent of being a communist, Hitler started to 'turn in' those who were. He was so good at this, that the German Army took him on as a spy in 1919. He loved the job of "nailing" his
Germany:1918-1923
LIAM KELLEHER Source Work 1/24/2009 Using the sources and your own knowledge explain the differences between sources A and B over the German revolutionary period 1918-19 Sources A and B differ in their accounts of the German revolutionary period 1918-19, as they are both from different political perspectives. Source A is from Rosa Luxemburg who, along with Karl Liebknecht led the extreme left wing, Spartacus league. The Spartacists had been formed in 1905 as a splint of the SPD party and by 1918 it had a national membership of around 5000 (Layton 2005). On the 1st January 1919 the Spartacists formally founded the KPD party - German Communist Party. They believed that Germany should follow the same route as Communist Russia. The main aim of the Spartacists was to create a soviet republic through workers' and soldiers' councils. This supported power to the poor people, refusing to take part in parliamentary elections, preferring instead to place its faith in the workers' councils (Layton 2005). Historian Lee (1998:9), affirms this by stating that, "The Spartacists wanted close association between Germany and Soviet Russia, together with a transfer of all political powers to the workers' and soldiers' councils..." Although Luxemburg had plans to 'undermine Ebert's government' with a great revolution, Lee (1998) states, the Spartacists didn't have a great deal of control
Describe the main events in Hitler's political career from 1918 to 1922.doc
Describe the main events in Hitler's political career from 1918 to 1922. After the First World War, Hitler remained in the army and returned to Munich, where he - in contrast to his later declarations - participated in the funeral march for the murdered Bavarian Prime Minister Kurt Eisner. After the suppression of the Munich Soviet Republic, took part in "national thinking" courses organized by the Education and Propaganda Department (Dept Ib/P) of the Bavarian Reichswehr Group, Headquarters 4 under Captain Karl Mayr. A key purpose of this group was to create a scapegoat for the outbreak of the war and Germany's defeat. The scapegoats were found in "international Jewry", communists, and politicians across the party spectrum, especially the parties of the Weimar Coalition, who were deemed "November Criminals" In July 1919, Hitler was appointed a Verbindungsmann (police spy) of an Aufklärungskommando (Intelligence Commando) of the Reichswehr, to influencr other soldiers toward similar ideas and was assigned to infiltrate a small party, the German Workers' Party (DAP), which was thought of to be a possible socialist party. During his inspection of the party, Hitler was impressed with Drexler's anti-Semitic, nationalist, anti-capitalist and anti-Marxist ideas, which favored a strong active government, a "non-Jewish" version of socialism and mutual solidarity of all members of
Post-war USSR and Germany 1918-1924
Post-war USSR and Germany 1918-1924 Compare and contrast the economic and political developments in the USSR and Germany 1918-1924 Word Count: 1621 Date due: April 1st, 2008 By: Rasmus Puggaard Hansen 2.u Birkerød Gymnasium CONTENTS Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1 Treaty of Versailles.................................................................................................... 1 Occupation of the Ruhr and the Dawes Plan ........................................................... 2 Russia's economical problems .................................................................................... 2 War Communism and the NEP ................................................................................ 3 As World War One ended in 1918, all of the nations involved had suffered extreme losses. Vast casualties along with economical and political instabilities were facts that had to be dealt with at the end of the war, even for the victories nations. However, the two worst hit were the defeated Germany and the USSR who were forced to pull out of the war. Germany had been in total war1 in the whole duration of WW1, a state which is not durable in the long term. Following the war, Germany's economy therefore collapsed, due to the absence from the labour force, as the
Stages to Germany from 1918 to 1919
Describe the stages by which Germany changed in the course of 1918 and 1919 from a monarchy to a democratic Republic. From September 1918 to early 1919 the nature and structure of the Weimar Republic took shape following the collapse of the Kaiser's Germany. There were five key stages which changed Germany into a democratic republic. These were the creation of a parliamentary monarchy; the creation of a parliamentary republic; the freezing of the revolution; the suppression of the Spartakist revolution; and the final stage in turning Germany into a democratic republic: the formal establishment of the new regime. The first step in this change was the creation of a parliamentary monarchy. The second Reich had not been a true democracy, despite the existence of the Reichstag. The Kaiser appointed the chancellor and Wilhelm II was the only person who could remove him. It was clear to the German leaders in the autumn of 1918 that Germany had no hope in winning the war. By now the main priority was getting Germany out of the fighting with the least amount of damage possible and with no humiliation at all of the war spilling over onto German soil. Despite the fact that the new chancellor Prince Max of Baden, appointed by Wilhelm II, had soon gone into serious negotiation with the Allies, the situation for the German government, both home and abroad, was growing increasingly
Why did Germany loose the war in 1918?
Why did Germany loose the war in 1918? After four years of monotonous stalemate the war was finally over. In October the German Chancellor appealed to the USA and by 11th November the armistice was signed in a railway carriage in the French forest of CompiAgne. An end to the war, which had cost so many lives, was the only option for a crumbling Germany. This defeat was inevitable from the outset of 1918 for a number of reasons. They can be split into three categories; the first being the strikes, rebellions and general chaos within a tired, hungry Germany, the second are the gains, losses and mistakes of Germanys military force and the third being the arrival of the USA on the battlefield and the strength of the British and French forces. In 1917 events and uprisings in Russia lead to a potentially crucial change in the way the war progressed. In November a communist rebellion led by Lenin and Trotsky overthrew the Provisional government and by March 1918 the treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed. This non-aggression pact between Germany and Russia meant that Ludendorff could now concentrate his German troops entirely on the Western border, as Russia was no longer a dangerous threat. In many ways this is another main reason as to why Germany failed in 1918 because suddenly Germany could focus her whole strength on to the western borders. The treaty lifted a tremendous
The Democratic Experiment: Weimar Germany, 1918 - 29
The Democratic Experiment: Weimar Germany, 1918 - 29 (a) In the last few months of the First World War, Germany was struggling, both on the front line, militarily, and at home economically. Germany, under Ludendorff, had tried a final push to end the war, the Spring Offensives, but these had failed, as on August 8th, the Allies launched a counter offensive. Germany were now on the back foot, but the Kaiser, and army generals refused to accept defeat. On 29th September 1918, Prince Max of Baden was asked to form a government, which was led by Philipp Scheidemann and Gustav Bauer. The Prince sought an armistice via the American president, Woodrow Wilson, but Ludendorff was against the acceptance of the terms, and urged the army to fight on. This led to mutinies from many German people, such as the sailors at Kiel, when they were ordered to fight against the Royal Navy. This led to many more mutinies around Germany. On 9th November, the Kaiser abdicated, but the SPD pulled out of the government, and so Prince Max of Baden was forced to hand over power to Ebert, who signed the armistice on November 11th 1918. A new system was now adopted to govern the country, the monarchy was scrapped, in place of an elected democratic government. The first election took place on 19th January 1919, and based on proportional representation, where the number of seats a party gained was
Explain why Germany lost the War in 1918
Explain why Germany lost the War in 1918 The First World War started in 1914, and ended in 1918. The war ended with Germany signing an armistice on the 11th of November. What I aim to explore in why Germany lost. The main reasons included the failure of German offensives, successes of Allies counter-attacks, and the internal collapse of Germany. . Why German offensives failed? Allies had more soldiers and resources than Germans, insert statistics. Moral of defenders was higher than that of attackers. Germans may have had battle problems. Germany was fighting on two fronts. 2. Why the Allied counter attacks succeeded? Better economy of allies. Americans helped. Had higher moral because were defending. Had good battle manoeuvres against Germans. Resources? Another reason why the Germans lost WW1 includes the Allied naval blockades and policies. Here the Allies blockaded the Central Powers, preventing supplies and other goods entering or leaving. This led to a slow but effective starvation of the German army. The blockade also allowed for trade routes to be open between Britain and the rest of the world, bringing many supplies to the Allies. The Allies also used the Channel ports to keep feeding the continent with British troops. Battles such as the Battle of the Falkland Islands meant that by the end of 1914, nearly all of the German armed surface ships had been
