Case Studies relating to the Multi Store Model of Memory.
Case Studies The multi store model is the process of long term and short term memory. It explains what each type of memory is. Short term memory is memories which are less important, while Long term memory is memories which are very important. In a case study, nearly every aspect of the person's life and history is analyzed to search for patterns and causes for behaviour. The hope is that learning gained from studying one case can be generalized to many others. On the other hand, laboratory experiments are carried out in a laboratory where variables are controlled. Therefore it does not apply to the real world, which means that it has a low ecological validity. The case studies relating to the multi-store model are Clive Wearing and HM case studies. Clive Wearing contracted a virus in 1985; the virus attacked an area of the brain crucial for memory, which left him, leaving with amnesia. He has no memory of any event or memory in his life. Clive Wearing can remember: - * his wife not his children or any other family members * how to play the piano - but he is unaware of it * key numbers and names from early childhood * speech and has a good vocabulary * and read and write - doesn't remember doing either The case study of HM who suffered from epilepsy of such severity that it couldn't be controlled by drugs. HM underwent a drastic surgery, surgeons removed the
Life Histories and Case Studies.
Life Histories and Case Studies Case Studies A case study is associated with qualitative methods. It is an examination of one particular case or instance of something. It involves a detailed examination of a single example of something, such as a single institution, community or social group. It is a very individual research method, however, they can also be used as one part of a larger piece of research. A rich description, a real story, an individual and their problems, are usually more attractive than bare facts and figures. A case study is going to be for more appropriate if the researcher has deliberately choose to do one, as the data obtained can be excellent for one purpose and poor for another. Therefore, it is obviously not useful if the only thing you wish to do is estimate numbers in a larger population then the one researched. Case studies make no claims to be representative due to the fact that it involves the detailed examination of an individual example. This can be a community, person group etc. it's the way of understanding the group under study. It can be used for generating new hypothesis, which can be treated against other data or in later studies. Advantages of Case Studies They can disprove or qualify a general statement. For example, Michels' 'iron law of oligarchy' states that no organisation can be democratic - be it a political party, trade
Controlled Laboratory studies are widely used in memory research. Evaluate the contribution made by two other approaches to memory research.
Controlled Laboratory studies are widely used in memory research. Evaluate the contribution made by two other approaches to memory research. Psychologists have conceptualized the memory as having three key component processes; encoding, storage and retrieval. Controlled laboratory studies are widely used to contribute to our understanding of these memory processes and to test the theories surrounding them. However, contributions from controlled laboratory experiments can be limited due to low ecological validity and its reliance upon the outsiders viewpoint. This paper aims to evaluate contributions to memory research made by two other approaches. The methods chosen for evaluation are Diary Studies and Neuropsychological case studies. These methods are chosen due to the different levels of ecological validity and their ability to use an insiders viewpoint. A brief description of each method will be provided using findings from illustrative examples in order to identify and evaluate the contribution made to our understanding of the memory processes. In memory research, the information processing approach identifies memory as information passing through sub-systems. The sub-systems have limited capacity, and occur in a fixed sequence from sensory to short-term to long-term memory (Brace and Roth, 2007, p115). However, controlled laboratory studies used by psychologists
Volcanic Case Studies
Volcanic Case Studies Introduction Globally the risk of death or injury due to volcanic hazards are very small. However volcanoes attract disproportionate interest and are the first hazard to be considered in detail for this module. Current population trends and economic necessity mean that an increasing number of people live close to volcanoes. The flanks of volcanically active mountains are often densely settled due to their fertile volcanic soil which is rich in potassium. This is particularly the case in the tropics where soil fertility declines quickly as intense rainfall causes leaching. For some nations, notably island states, volcanic soils are the only rich soils available. For example in Indonesia population densities are positively correlated with maps of volcanic activity. As with all hazards there are natural and human components to their occurrence and aftermath. It is the interaction between society, technology and natural processes that this course module seeks to explore. Two case studies will be considered in detail, the eruption of Nyriragongo in January 2002 in the Democratic Republic of Congo and that of Mount Pinatubo in 1991 in the Philippines. Objectives * To explore the types of volcanic hazard, magma and locations of volcanic activity for both volcanoes * To understand the eruptions and effects of the eruption in each case * To acquire
Coastal Management Case Studies
Describe and evaluate possible solutions to the management of coastlines, by the use of at least three case studies. This essay will look at three areas in the world where the management of the coastline is paramount to prevent further erosion and destruction of valuable ecological regions. The areas that this essay will use as case studies are; the Great Barrier Reef in Eastern Australia, Happisburgh in Norfolk and Southampton Water in Hampshire. In order to manage and protect the coast it is necessary to understand the different physical processes that affect it, the way that the land is used and the interests of those who inhabit it. Physical processes that affect the coast include erosion, cliff slumping, deposition and longshore drift. Land use in coastal area includes tourism, fishing, industry and transport. Groups who may have an interest in how the coast is managed would include; local residents, local councils, landowners, governments, environmental bodies and national park authorities. The Great Barrier Reef is the largest coral reef system in the world, (Dove et al, 2009 pp73). The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park (GBRMP) is over 2300km long and is made up of over 2900 reefs and 940 islands and cays. The reef is a vitally important area, firstly in terms of conserving the diverse wildlife and ecosystem that is there and secondly because it provides major
Condensed Case Studies
Geography - Case Studies (condensed) San Francisco Earthquake, 1989 * California is on a conservative plate margin * Pacific plate west, north American plate east * Earthquake - 7.1 * Struck at 5.04 pm, October 17th * 63 deaths * 1 million homes without electricity * Damage estimated at $7 billion * Interstate 880 collapsed, trapping motorists * SF and Oakland airport closed - damaged * Marina district in Bay area extensively damaged, collapsed buildings, fires from ruptured gas mains Mount St. Helen's Eruption, 1980 * Washington State, NW USA * Part of Western Cordillera, * Destructive plate margin * Erupted early Sunday morning, May 1980 * Rumbled for 2 months - 5 mile exclusion zone * Earth tremors triggered landslide * Pyroclastic flow (rock, gas, steam) * Ash cloud 12 miles high * 57 deaths (low because Sunday morning) * Rivers + lakes filled with mud * 400m lost from top of volcano * Logging camps, roads, bridges and houses destroyed Holderness Coast, the * NE England * Retreats 1 or 2 metres per year * Strong prevailing winds (to west) --> strong longshore drift * Soft clay cliffs --> easy to erode * Mappleton, south of Hornsea on cliff top is in danger * 1991 - rock armour placed at cliff base, and rock groynes on beach * Longshore drift moving south from Mappleton was stopped --> more erosion south of Mappleton China * Had
Radiation Pollution and Case Studies
Radiation Pollution - Case Studies Introduction Radioactive substances like radium and uranium emit invisible radiations, which are in the form of alpha, beta and gamma particles. The increase in the levels of radiation in the earth's atmosphere beyond the normal levels is called radiation pollution. The two main sources of radiation pollution are man- made and natural reasons a) Man-made sources of radiation pollution are: - * Medical procedures like CAT Scan, X-Rays and radiation Therapy. * Production of nuclear energy in nuclear power plants and by industrial radiography. * Use of nuclear weapons like the nuclear bomb and atom bomb. * Use of radioactive elements in research laboratories. b) Natural sources of radiation pollution are: - * Terrestrial radiations given out by elements in the earth's surface like Radium, Uranium, etc. * UV rays from the sun. * Cosmic rays given from other heavenly bodies. Sources Millrems (Units) Percentage Medical 4 4.00% Nuclear 4 4.00% Other 0 3.00% Radioactive substances 240 63.00% Cosmic 48 3.00% Terrestrial 48 3.00% Main Environmental Pathways of Human Radiation Exposure There have been cases in which man-made activities have resulted in the large-scale increase in radiation levels and have had adverse effects on the people. Two of these cases are: - * Ural Mountains Nuclear Waste Disposal Problem-
To what extent does research evidence (theory and/or studies) support the view that short term memory and long term memory are separate stores?
Jessica May Psychology To what extent does research evidence (theory and/or studies) support the view that short term memory and long term memory are separate stores? Research evidence, theory's and studies supports the views that suggest long term memory and short term memory are separate stores. Short term memory is a system for storing information for brief periods of time. Some researchers (e.g. Atkinson and Shiffrin 1968) see short term memory simply as a temporary storage depot for incoming information, whereas others (e.g. Baddeley 1986, 1990) prefer to use the term 'working memory' to indicate its dynamic, flexible aspects. Long term memory, on the other hand, holds a vast quantity of information which can be stored for long periods of time. The information kept in this store is diverse and wide ranging and includes all of our personal memories and general knowledge. Many studies have been conducted to support the views that short and long term memory are different stores. In 1966 Baddeley carried out a study of encoding in short term memory and long term memory. Baddeley aimed to support earlier research that showed short term memory was largely based on acoustic code, and to find out whether either short term memory or long term memory was also acoustically coded. In addition, the study explored whether short term memory and long term memory was semantically
Outline and evaluate nature of short term memory using studies e.g. capacity, duration and encoding.
Outline and evaluate nature of short term memory using studies e.g. capacity, duration and encoding. Short term memory is a system for storing information for a short period of time before important bits of information are transferred to the long term memory. There are differing opinions on the exact nature of short term memory with some researchers (e.g. Atkinson and Shiffrin 1968) stating that STM is simply a temporary storage depot for incoming information with others (e.g. Baddeley 1986) preferring to use the term 'working memory' to indicate its flexible aspects. STM has a limited capacity in that we can only hold a small number of items at any one time. According to Miller's 'magic number seven', most people's capacity for remembering sequences of digits, letters, words or even larger chunks of information is seven in a sequence-plus or minus two. There are a number of factors that can affect capacity, including the influence of long term memory as it causes difficulties in using the immediate digit span as a measure of STM capacity due to the fact that, as illustrated by Bower and Winzenz (1969), digit strings that are repeated within a series of immediate memory span trials become progressively easier for participants to recall therefore proving that information stored in the LTM is helping to increase STM capacity temporarily, the influence of reading aloud as it
Cerealor Sugar Case Studies.
Title: Cerealor Sugar Case Studies - Rice Date: 21.11.01 Botany Rice is a semiaquatic, annual grass of the family Graminae, genus Oryza. It has a panicle inflorescence with one floret per spikelet (Marshall & Wadsworth., 1993). Furthermore, it has a perfect flower (both male and female), which consists of two interlocking hulls, six anthers and a single ovary. Most importantly, rice is naturally self-pollinating (Marshall & Wadsworth., 1993). Rice growers in some countries such as USA use pure line cultivars whereas most of them in China use hybridisation. Taxonomy Cultivated rice is referring to either Oryza sativa L. or Oryza glaberrima Steud (Marshall & Wadsworth., 1993). However, O. sativa is the predominant species and O. glaberrima is grown only in Africa on a limited scale (Marshall & Wadsworth., 1993). Oryza sativa is a tremendously variable species whish has worldwide distribution. Kato et al. (1928) classified these varieties into indica, the tropical race and japonica types, the temperate race. However, Morinaga (1954) proposed another group called javanicas. Several authors have ranked javanicas at the same taxonomic level as indicas and japonicas. (Singh et al, 2000) Domestication The date and geographical location of the first cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.) is unclear. Nonetheless, domestication of
