Consider the extent to which the working memory model is an improvement over the multi-store model.
Consider the extent to which the working memory model is an improvement over the multi-store model. The working memory model was researched by Baddeley and Hitch in 1976, and is an improvement over the multi-store model of memory because it is more detailed, and therefore we can learn more about the stores of memory in the brain from it. The main weakness with the multi-store model of memory is that it is over simplified, as it implies that there are only two memory stores, one short-term and one long-term, and that memories are only stored through rehearsal, but this does not seem to be true in real life, as many memories are stored not having been consciously rehearsed. The working memory model was designed by Baddeley and Hitch (1974), and suggested that the short-term memory is actually divided into sections. These sections are the 'central executive', the 'phonological loop', and the 'visuo-spatial scratchpad'. The central executive is not visual or auditory, and it is thought that the central executive allocates resources to other parts of the working memory model. A study by McLeod in 1977 showed that two auditory tasks cannot be done fully at the same time, e.g. playing the piano and singing a song, this shows that the two tasks are competing in the auditory part of the brain, and helps us to understand that all auditory tasks are done in a certain part of
There are two types of long term memory: Explicit (declarative) Memory and Implicit (non-declarative) Memory.
Grade 11 Psychology Evaluate a model or a theory of one cognitive process (e.g. Memory, perception, language, decision making), with reference to research studies. There are two types of long term memory: Explicit (declarative) Memory and Implicit (non-declarative) Memory. First we will explore explicit memory and the breakdown of it. Explicit memory consists of Episodic (biographical events) and semantic (which includes words, ideas, and concepts.) · Episodic- memories that you experience at a specific time and place · Semantic- the system in which you use to store your knowledge of the world Implicit (non-declarative) memory is expressed by means other than words. This is broken down into four categories which include procedural (skills), emotional conditioning, priming effect and conditioned reflex. · Procedural memory- enables people to acquire motor skills and gradually improve them · Emotional conditioning- related to our emotions · Priming effect- we do this on a regular basis in which we relate things to something we already know from a previous experience. Conditioned reflex- a classic example of this is the study conducted by Pavlov when he showed a dog a piece of meat and the dog started to salivate, the next time when he showed the dog meat he included the sound of an alarm in which it caused the dog to salivate so then when the dog heard the alarm
Health Improvement Plan
Health Improvement Plan-Diet Because my client Clover is in the obese category (found out when researching into her BMI), I have decided that it is very urgent for her to start to drop her bad habits of eating high cholesterol foods and start giving the more healthy options a chance, but at first I will have to explain and provide information for Clover which tells her why she must eat healthy foods and how they benefit her health. Fruit and vegetables It is very essential that my client cuts down on high cholesterol and salty food types such as chocolates and crisps, Clover rarely eats fruits or vegetables therefore I will introduce her to get into the habit of consuming five pieces of fruit or vegetables per day, this is Clover's absolute minimum target, as to gain a better lifestyle she will have to eat 5 A DAY, below I have explained to clover how fruits and vegetables will provide advantages for her. As a minimum amount we all should have at least 5 pieces of fruit or vegetables per day, this is essential for our bodies as fruits consist of many vitamins and minerals, most fruits will be rich in vitamin C, such as oranges, apples, pineapples etc. however they also contain large amounts of other vitamins such as A, B, E etc. Minerals which are found consist of important amounts of iron, calcium and magnesium. These foods are low in fat and sodium levels, they also
Performance Improvement Programme
Performance Improvement Programme This programme involves improving a certain skill in a chosen sport. I will have to identify a skill then work on an improving programme to improve at the skill. This programme will include a timetable for practise and furthering my education on this skill by researching it on the Internet. I will also have to be assessed before I start the training and after the training to see how much I have improved, if I have. For this programme I am going to pick a closed skill that is the same every time. By picking a closed skill it will be easier to obtain better improvements because I will be repeating the same shot over and over throughout the course of a training session. This will be my forehand shot in table tennis. I feel that this is an important shot in the game and by improving this skill it will make me a better player when up against an enhanced opposition. Research Physical fitness is an important factor for a successful footwork. A satisfactory strength on both legs helps the player to move quickly from side to side and take the best position for the next stroke. Waist flexibility helps the player to keep body balance during most of the technical strokes. The majority of the offensive players cover almost 70% of the table with the forehand while the remaining 30% is covered by the backhand. The ideal position for the execution
Memory Revision
Psychology Revision - Memory Definitions within Memory Memory * The mental process used to encode, store and retrieve information. Encoding * Encoding involves changing the information presented into a different form. Since words or other items in the short term store are rehearsed or repeated, we might assume that they are encoded in terms of their sound (acoustic coding). In contrast, the information we have stored in the long term memory nearly always seems to be stored in terms of its meaning (semantic coding). * Encoding takes many different forms; visual, auditory, semantic, taste and smell. Capacity * The short term store has very limited capacity, about 7 items. In contrast the capacity of the long term memory is assumed to be so large that it cannot be filled, it is said to have unlimited capacity and lasts potentially forever. Duration * Information lasts longer in the long term store than in the short term store,. There is evidence that in the short term store, if not rehearsed, information will disappear within about 18 - 20 seconds and in contrast there is evidence that elderly people can recognise the names of fellow students from 48 years previously. Storage * As a result of encoding, the information is stored in the memory system; it can remain stored for a very long time maybe a entire lifetime. Retrieval * Recovering information from
Psychology Memory Revision Guide
Transfer-Encoding: chunked Multi store Model Akinson and Shiffrin model * Simplistic * Rehearsal isn’t the only way * STM and LTM are not single stores * Useful – base for further research http://revisewithrachie.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/multi-store-model.png Sperling – Capacity of STM * Rows of letters – recall 4 or 5 * Distinguish between 3 tones * Showed letters again with the tone * Recall less with the tones * Reliable * Lacks ecological validity * Generalising Iconic, echonic, haptic stores Peterson and Peterson - Duration of STM * Showed a consonant trigram * Count backwards in threes – don’t rehearse the trigram * Recall 80% with 3 second intervals * Got worse as intervals lengthened * Information decays rapidly when rehearsal is prevented * Reliable – lab * Lacks Ecological validity * Get confused with other trigrams Bahrick et al – duration of LTM * Graduates of an American high school * Memory tests- recognising class mates, pictures, matching names to pictures * Good at 34 years * Dip at 47 years Conrad – encoding of STM * Showed random sequence if six consonants * 1 – acoustically similar * 2- acoustically dissimilar * Write them in serial order * Made errors on recall * Convert visually present material to an acoustic code in STM and then find it hard to recognise between
Community improvement essay - Abortion.
Brissia Bezada Mr. Travis Phelps English 51 FIRST COMMUNITY IMPROVEMENT ESSAY ABORTION For teenagers facing abortion, it is psychological, social, and philosophical dilemma that must be encountered. After the Roe v Wade case in which the court decided that a woman should have the right to choose, limited abortion rights were granted to minors. As a result, numerous states enacted various forms of parental notification and consent laws. In mist a state, the law requires that parents of teenagers provide written approval of the minor's decision to terminate her pregnancy, or that they are notified by a physician. An on going debate has continued regarding the notification can have a long lasting impact on the teenager's physical and psychological well being, decision making capability, and family relationships. Opponents believe that notification laws are unnecessary because a significant portion of teenagers confide in their parents about pregnancy and would seek their advice on pregnancy options and alternatives. Therefore, parents are already involved in providing emotional and psychological support and assisting her in the decision making process. Also, a small percentage of teens are living in abusive and unstable situations at home and the laws would cause them to delay seeking termination of their pregnancy because of the fear of the parental reaction. On the other
METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH TO ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT PROCESS
METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH TO ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT PROCESS Marin Buble, Želimir Dulcic & Ivan Pavic* Received: 10. 04. 2001 Preliminary communication Accepted: 18. 09. 2001 UDC: 65.012.3 Organizational performance improvement is one of the fundamental enterprise tasks. This especially applies to the case when the term "performance improvement" implies efficiency improvement measured by indicators, such as ROI, ROE, ROA, or ROVA/ROI. Such tasks are very complex, requiring implementation by means of project management. In this paper, the authors propose a methodological approach to improving the organizational performance of a large enterprise. 1. INTRODUCTION In the contemporary business environment, characterized by rapid changes, performance improvement becomes a significant challenge for each enterprise, which can not be addressed by a single activity, nor a project, but rather by a series of continuous activities at all organizational levels. The bottom-up, or top-down approach to the implementation of such activities does not meet the requirements of involving all the employees, which leads to the conclusion that their combination is needed, depending on the situation and the objectives to be achieved. Namely, although organizational performance is perceived through the measures of efficiency, effectiveness and adaptability, its improvement
Learning, Memory and Perception.
Learning, Memory and Perception (learning component) Details of module assessment The learning component will assess students' knowledge related to the theoretical and empirical aspect of the learning construct. Upon completion of the component the students will be required to write a laboratory report addressing a selected issue from learning research which must be submitted by 4pm on 28th November, 2003. The lecture in Week 4 includes research in the area of dimensional learning. People are exposed to multi-dimensional environment and had to be selective in activating one particular dimension necessary for the manifestation of adaptive behaviour in a particular situation. Some studies call it "attentional learning". The research on "feedback" will be discussed in Week 6. They will compare and contrast reinforcer, reward, punishment, feedback/knowledge of results (KR) during last few weeks. The students took part in an experiment investigating the effect of feedback on learning. During the following week they will receive briefing in the practical sessions. The topic is as follows: Topic for Learning practical report, 2003 "Investigate the effects of auditory and visual feedback on dimensional learning" However the students will be encouraged to individualise the titles provided that it focuses on the assignment topic. Knowledge of results or Feedback improves
Improvement in ICT within Financial Institutions
Improvement in ICT within Financial Institutions In this assignment I will be discussing how customer experience of dealing with financial institutions improved with the help of ICT. I will be doing this by explaining the improvement and what the improvement have provided to the customers. Knowing that 10 to 20 years ago there wasn't much ICT within the banking institutions, which got aggregating to most customers because they will have to wait hours, before they were served. Now day's customers are served in minutes because they have improved services which bank institutions have invested millions of pounds to satisfy customers. The way it worked in the days without ICT in bank institutions is; * Confidential documents (account details) * Telephone (deal with enquires) * One-to-one conversation The methods used in the past years was time consuming to all customers because they had to waste hours of there time to sort out problems, for example the 'one-to-one conversation' the customers to open up an account had to book an appointment take ID with them and fill in forms which is a waste of time. The 'confidential documents' to access to them the customers will have to go through security questions and provide evidence of there ID which just shows the time the customers had to waste to reach to what they wanted. Invested millions of pounds to gain and satisfy
