Depression. There are several approaches to depression, two of which are psychological and biological.
Psychology Assignment: Depression Depression is a type of mood disorder affecting a person's emotional state of mind. Unipolar disorder classifies depression under a DSM-IVR system where a person will be diagnosed if they shows signs of intense sadness or apathy alongside four other symptoms which include difficulties sleeping, fluctuations in energy levels, feelings of guilt and inferiority. It's crucial that these symptoms are clearly causing distress and consistently present for two weeks or more. It is important to identify and characterise depression in order to diagnose and treat the disorder. There are several approaches to depression, two of which are psychological and biological. The first psychological approach is the psychodynamic theory pioneered by Freud. His explanation of depression stems from relationships in early childhood, also focusing on the power of the unconscious and how this force propels our behaviour. Freud observed similar symptoms between grief and depression thus reaching the conclusion that depression is an extreme reaction to loss, whether real or imagined. It is this perceived loss and the failure to acquire an effective way of dealing with such a loss early on that increases the likelihood of becoming depressed when faced with another perceived radical loss. There is an emphasis on unresolved feelings of hostility when loss has been
Describe and Evaluate Explanations of Depression. Refer to Issues Such as Those Raised in the Quotation Above
"Depression tends to run in families and symptoms are similar across cultures, genders and ages. This suggests that biological mechanisms play a strong part in the development of the disorder." Describe and Evaluate Explanations of Depression. Refer to Issues Such as Those Raised in the Quotation Above One explanation which implicates biological mechanisms in the development of depression is the biochemical approach. This suggests that low levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin may be involved. Usually serotonin acts to modulate neural activity and regulates emotional reactions; in patients with noticeably lower levels, symptoms of depression, such as apathy and sadness, can be seen. Evidence for the role of serotonin has come from studies of patients taking anti-depressants and from PET scans of patients' brains. Comer (2004) observed that patients who took anti-depressants, which act by increasing the availability of serotonin in the brain, showed reduced symptoms of depression. From this it was suggested that without the drug therapy the patients' serotonin levels were too low and were causal in their depression. This theory of reduced serotonin levels was supported by the findings of Mann et al.'s (1996) study which used PET scans to observe patients brains, which showed impaired transmission of serotonin. However, such results cannot prove causation as low serotonin
Manic Depression.
MANIC DEPRESSION Bipolar disorder causes a person to have mood swings between extreme mania and deep depression; however, there are ways to regulate these fluctuations. Many famous artists and writers have experienced bipolar disorder throughout their lives because of unrelieved stress pertaining to their careers. Those included in that are Ernest Hemingway, Amedeo Modigliani, and Robin Williams. Researchers have found that the main cause for this disease has genetic influence. Treatment may include antidepressants and/or psychotherapy, although many patients enjoy the extreme highs and forgo treatment. In North America alone, about one percent of people experience bipolar disorder during their lives. In comparison, at least eight percent of people experience serious depression during their lives. Bipolar disorder affects men and women about equally and is somewhat more common in wealthier classes (Sommers 5-6). At least fifteen percent of people with bipolar disorder commit suicide. Bipolar disorder usually begins in a person's late teens or twenties. Men usually experience mania as the first mood episode, whereas women typically experience depression first. Episodes of mania and depression usually last from several weeks to several months. On average, people with untreated bipolar disorder experience four episodes of mania or depression over any ten-year period
germany, depression
GCSE coursework Germany 1919-1945 depth study: Question 2 Short term causes are directly linked to the event while long term causes are indirectly linked; long term causes usually start some time before a particular event and take a long time to take an effect, while short term causes start nearer the event and have a rapid effect. In the list the short term causes are: the economic depression, Von Papen and Hindenburg's actions, and the enabling law. These are all short term because they directly lead to Hitler's gain of power; they have quick effects and were caused by long term causes. The long term causes are the Treaty of Versailles, the Munich putsch and Hitler's public speaking and leadership skills. These are long term causes because their effects carry on through the whole campaign and they started off a chain of events. The Treaty of Versailles helped Hitler gain power because it was resented by Germany and Hitler wanted to get rid of it, the treaty disgraced and humiliated the proud nation of Germany. This made Germany be supportive of Hitler's cause because he wanted to get rid of it, so it was beneficial to join him. The Treaty of Versailles is linked to everything on the list and is at the start of Hitler's aim for power, it was Hitler's first step to power so everything else he did links back to the Treaty. The Treaty led on to the Munich putsch,
Great Depression
How far can the failure of the League of Nations in the 1930´s be blamed on Great Depression? The League of Nations was an organization which opened for business in January 1920 by fourty-two countries at the start and by the 1930´s there were seventeen more joined. It was done in order to avoid the possibility of repeating another mass slaughter such as the one on 1914. The League was settled in Geneva, Switzerland, and it was based on a Covenant, this was a set of twenty-six Articles or rules which all the members of the League agreed to follow. Britain and France had a considerable power in the League and this power was gained by the absence of the United States, a country which never joined as although Wilson tried it very hard, the congress did not approve it. These two countries were, by the 1930´s the ones who usually guided policy and any action by the League needed their support. The rules which were about to follow were to discourage aggression from any nation, to encourage countries to co-operate, especially in business and trade, to encourage nations to disarm and to improve the living and working conditions of people in all parts of the World. If a country was involved in any kind of dispute with another country, it was supposed to appeal the League for help and countries should protect each other if invaded. Also sanctions were to be imposed if a member
abnormal psychology/depression
ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY PSY 03 WORD COUNT ,730 MAXINE JACKSON APRIL 2008 What is abnormal or normal? Abnormal literally means 'away from the normal'. Although it does not state what normal is. What is meant by normal differs over time and across cultures; it depends, to a certain extent on circumstances. Is something normal because the majority are doing it? During the Second World War thousands of innocent people were murdered in the name of Adolf Hitler. The Nazi's became the majority; however this does not make their behaviour normal. One way to decide what behaviour is normal is to consider how usual it is. In that case then, behaviour that is less common is abnormal. Society has standards to which they expect people to conform, this reflects on how people behave. These standards are classed as normal. Anyone who violates society standards is then abnormal. All societies are different and they expect different behaviour, because of this it is impossible to give a universal meaning of the word abnormal. It is difficult to class a person as abnormal or indeed normal, because of the differences in people to begin with. "A statistical norm is to do with a way of being, a quality or representation that is expressed or understood by many individuals. In other words, it is called average. High intelligence is as abnormal as low intelligence." J Cullberg (2006:09) Not
The Great Depression
The Great Depression began in October 1929, when the stock market in the United States dropped rapidly. Thousands of investors lost large sums of money and many lost everything. The crash led us into the Great Depression. The period of the great depression ranked as the longest and worst period of high unemployment and low business activity in modern times. Banks, stores, and factories were closed and left millions of Americans jobless, homeless, and broke. Many people came to depend on the government or charity to provide them with food. There were several causes of the great depression including bank failures, the stock market crash, and unequal distribution of wealth, economic policies, overproduction, and drought conditions. The 3 major cause of the depression was the stock market crash, bank failures, and distribution of wealth The stock market crash of 1929 helped trigger weaknesses of the American economy. On Black Tuesday, investors panicked and dumped an unprecedented 16 million shares. The increased buying of stocks damaged Americans' credit, made the effects of the stock market crash worse. As a result, within one month, American investors had lost tens of billions of dollars. If stockholders couldn't pay up, their stocks were sold, wiping out many an investor's ife savings in an instant. In total, $25 billion was lost in the 1929 crash. Stocks continued to fall
Depression in children
During childhood years, children are almost as susceptible to being depressed as adults. Many adults to not realize that being a child can be very frustrating, and they often feel powerless. Children can have a lot of stress in their lives and cannot deal with it as easily as adults. They have many concerns such as school, peers, parental acceptations, etc. Childhood depression is a mental illness that affects children's behavior and moods. If it is not treated, in years to come it may lead to school failure, use of alcohol and/or drugs, or even suicide. Depression in children is caused by a possible combination of several things. It can involve the child's environment, genes, or children with medical problems. The most common causes of depression evolve from children who have been abused, who have chaotic families or households, non-consistent parents, neglect, or other stressful events. Children who experience loss or who have learning disorders are more likely to be diagnosed with depression. If bad things happen to a child and there is a family history of depression, a depressed child is a very likely outcome. Unlike depressed children, those who are without so many stresses in their lives do not have as much likelihood to become easily depressed as they get older. Each child's depression is individual, and causes will be different for each one. The depression could be
Great Depression
Melanie Kaminski Term Paper Topic #2 Great Depression Normally, recessions are decreases in real GDP for at least six months, although when they last longer than that and are more detrimental, they are called depressions. In the United States between 1929-1933, there was a recession so deep it was designated The Great Depression. This was the worst economic slump ever in U.S. history, one which spread to virtually all of the industrialized world. It began in late 1929 and lasted for about a decade. It had devastating effects on the country. The Roaring Twenties were an era dominated by Republican presidents: Warren Harding (1920-1923), Calvin Coolidge (1923-1929) and Herbert Hoover (1929-1933). Under their conservative economic philosophy of laissez-faire ("leave it alone"), markets were allowed to operate without government interference. Taxes and regulation were slashed dramatically, monopolies were allowed to form, and inequality of wealth and income reached record levels. The country was on the conservative's preferred gold standard, and the Federal Reserve was not allowed to significantly change the money supply. The stock market was in shambles, banks everywhere went under, businesses couldn't operate, and farmers fell into bankruptcy. Many factors played a role in bringing about the depression, however, the main causes for the Great Depression were the
The great depression.
The Great Depression was arguably the worst economic period this country has faced in its history. People who were well off financially on Monday October 28, 1929 were now broke after Tuesday October 29, 1929, the day the stock market lost $15 billion, and subsequently crashed, setting off the worst 10 year economic period in United States history. People struggled to find food, a place to live, as well as jobs (Watkins, T.H. The Great Depression. Boston: Little Brown and Co, 1993. page 40). With the Depression going on, people needed an outlet. A lot of people wanted to rid themselves of the problems facing their families and the country as a whole, even if it was for a short time. Therefore, some used the entertainment industry as an outlet. Movies, plays and sports were outlets for people facing hard times. Even though some things closed or stopped during the depression, the entertainment industry prevailed (Beaver, Frank. The 1930's. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2000. page 280). Sports were still the biggest outlet for people. People liked sports for the same reasons they do today, the entertainment value, the competition, and the chance to root on individual players or teams. In baseball and football, a new type of athlete emerged, tough, feisty, and aggressive. Sports provided the basis for the ongoing American myth of individual success and competition during a
