Compensating Variation and Equivalent Variation
Compensating Variation and Equivalent Variation Print out this web page before starting the lab. Compensating variation and equivalent variation are monetary measures of the gain or loss in a consumer's welfare following an economic change. Compensating Variation (CV) is the compensating payment that leaves the consumer as well off as before the economic change. The compensating payment is positive for a welfare loss and negative for a welfare gain. Think about the payment as being to the consumer in the case of a welfare loss and from the consumer in the case of a welfare gain. Let the economic change be an increase in the price of good x for the consumer choice problem discussed in class. In the figure shown below, a price increase moves the consumer from consumption bundle A to consumption bundle B. To be as well off as before the price increase, the consumer must receive a compensating payment that allows the consumer to move to the initial utility level at the new price of x. The budget constraint associated with the compensating payment is shown in red below. Think about the CV as the minimum amount that the consumer will accept as compensation for the welfare loss associated with the price increase. The CV for the price increase is easily calculated using Goal Seek. Let's go back and look at a portion of your results for the previous lab. You used Goal Seek to
genetic variation
Fion Lai 13 C The significance of meiosis in generating genetic variation Meiosis is undergone to produce sex cells (gametes). It consists of two divisions. The first division includes the separation of homologous chromosomes. This part of the division allows crossing over and swapping bits of chromatids and this leads to shuffling of genes so that the sex cells produced are genetically unique. The second division includes the pulling apart of chromatids. This produces four haploid nuclui, each with one copy of each homologous chromosome. But why is it essential to have genetic variation in gametes? Theoretically, a species of organism may survive in the same body form in an unchanging environment for millions of years. However, most environments change over time. Under this circumstance, variation generated by sexual reproduction ensures that the individuals within the population survive under the changing environment. If all individuals are genetically identical to one another, when one is not adapted by an environmental change, then all individuals are affected and the population will be perished. Therefore, increasing genetic variation is essential. Because of the differences, some may be slightly better adapted for survival than others. Also, new combinations of alleles are produced, and these may give rise to individuals with new features that favour their survival.
Genetic Variation
Sriharsha Kota 4-7 per. Genetic Variation Genetic variation has many important parts to it, a big portion being mutation. A mutation is a change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA dealing with its genes and alleles. A point mutation is a change in a single base in a nucleotide sequence. That being said, the origin of how a mutation forms is mutagenesis. There are three types of point mutations: substitution, frame shift(insertion and deletion), and an editing error. Substitution is the replacement of one nucleotide and its partner with another pair of nucleotides. A frame shift mutation occurs whenever the number of nucleotides inserted or deleted is not a multiple of three. While dealing with mutations, several characteristics must also be included. These are randomness, non-directionality, change in phenotypic traits, and gametic change. These all contribute to how a mutation may be classified going from physical descriptions to the very gametes themselves. An example of a mutation could occur when sickle cell anemia occurs because of a mutation in protein structure. The following part deals with chromosomal mechanisms. There are four different results that occur when there is chromosomal breakage. A deletion occurs when a chromosomal fragment lacking a centromere is lost. Sometimes a deleted fragment may become attached as an extra segment to a sister chromatid,
Natural variation
Final Amarah Adam Biology- Natural variation Natural variation- foot size between boys and girls Abstract The purpose of the report is to analyze the two major factors that affect how we develop which are genetic and environmental variations. I have presented my data in a table, line graph and bar chart. I also composed a questionnaire. My major conclusions are that genes mostly affect the child's physical features. Introduction I am carrying out this experiment to see the difference in foot sizes of children. In the case of genetic variation, genes are a section of DNA within the chromosomes of a cell, which give the instructions to a cell about how to make a protein. Inherited information controls how an organism develops. Genes pass on information from the parents to the next generation and in this way, they affect our features. The environment also plays a major role in the development of humans or Homo sapiens. For example, when we spend more time in the sun, our skin gets darker. Diet choices and fitness also have an effect on our features. Hypothesis: I expect that maybe, footwear can lead to impaired growth. I also think that the length of their foot will depend on their inherited genes. Probably the older they are the larger their foot. 2 Materials and methods Equipment used: A4 blank paper- to measure the foot Tape measure- to measure heights of
Human variation
Is there a positive correlation between the height and hand span of 16 year old first year high school students? Human beings are different in many ways. The variation can be seen in physical traits such as strength, height, weight, skin color etc or in mental traits such as IQ. Therefore it is possible to measure these different characteristics and compare them with each other or relate them to one another. The aim of this experiment is to test the hypothesis that there is a positive correlation between the length of the hand span and height of a person. For this purpose the hand span and height of the first year high school students will be used. Hand span is the distance that is measured from the tip of the little finger to the thumb as seen in the picture below. Picture 1. Hypothesis: - There is a positive correlation between the length of a person's hand span and height. Materials: - Ruler, measuring meter, notebook, pen Independent variable: - hand span Dependent variable: - height Controlled variables: - age, gender, measurements, sampling Method . A first year student of age 16 was chosen in katedralskolan high school. 2. Using a ruler the hand span of the student was measured from the tip of the little finger to the tip of the thumb. The result was recorded. 3. The height of the student was then measured by asking the
Geographical Variation of English.
Topic: Geographical Variation Student ID: 03912211 Name: Hu Chun-Shan Tutor: Dr Mark Garner Number of Words: 2800 Geographical Variation of English Introduction As we know, English is the global language and due to this phenomenon it has changed a lot over time, such as historical variation, situational variation and geographical variation. Only a few centuries ago, the English language comprised a collection of dialects spoken in a small island by monolinguals (people who use only one language). Nowadays, it has varieties of distinction such as pidgins and creoles, "new Englishes", and a range of differing standard and non-standard varieties that are spoken in more than sixty different countries all over the world. As a matter of fact, most people tend to associate English with different English-speaking areas. But when they consider regional varieties of English, they also have to confront the issue of dialect. The difference between accent and dialect seems relatively simple to describe. For example, accent consists of pronunciation; dialect consists of grammar; words and their meanings, and pronunciation, but it is hard to define the boundaries. (Graddol et al., 1996) In this assignment, I will focus on the geographical variation of English. In the first chapter, I will describe Kachru's model of new Englishes, who has visualized the spread of English around the
Inherited sources of genetic variation.
Inherited sources of genetic variation One of the key features of all living things from single celled organisms such as amoeba, to plants and animals such as humans, is the ability to reproduce. In smaller single celled organisms such as the amoeba this reproduction is asexual and takes place by a process known as mitosis. Mitosis produces two daughter cells that are genetically identical to, or clones of their parent cell. This process however produces no genetic variation within a community; meaning that the process of evolution is limited and can only take place through an advantageous mutation over a long period of time. Mitosis also produces somatic, or body cells for growth and repair in multi-cellular organisms. To increase genetic variation other larger and more complex organisms such as plants and animals reproduce sexually by Meiosis. Meiosis causes the formation of four daughter cells, however in female ova only one of these is usually functional, and the number of chromosomes in these daughter cells is haploid or halved, due to the cell dividing twice. The reason for the genetic information being halved is so that the zygote can contain half the information from each gamete or parent with out the number of chromosomes doubling with every generation. It is through this division that genetic variation can take place. Genetic variation is what makes humans and
The causes and consequences of variation
The causes and consequences of variation Variation is the differences that exist between members of the same species. It can be caused by environmental or genetic factors. Genetic variation tends to be permanent and stays within the population gene pool (unless it is erased via evolution) and can effect both the phenotype and the genotype of an organism. The environmental differences within or between species cannot be inherited by offspring and are only able to influence the phenotype of a species. Variation can either be continuous and discontinuous. Continuous variation is when there is a complete range of measurements between two extremes. An example of this type of variation can be seen in the height of humans, which ranges from the shortest to the tallest individual in a population. This is an example of polygenic inheritance and the pattern of variation reflects the fact that there are many different combinations of alleles possible for human height. Discontinuous variation is variation in which individuals fall into distinct categories is between one type and another, this type of variation is caused by major genes and is unaffected by the environment. An example of this type of variation if the ABO blood groups, a persons blood group doesn't change just because they don't have the right diet for example or get a tattoo. Other examples include the ability to
Investigating Variation in Leaf Size
Investigating Variation in Leaf Size Aim: How much variation will we observe between species in terms of leaf area? How will this compare with variation within species (or between leaves of the same individual)? Description: The leaves of plants are adapted to maximize photosynthesis. They are also adapted to water availability and humidity. The size, shape and number of leaves on a given plant will reflect the conditions of its native habitat. Method: - Firstly, form a group of two to three people - Then go outside into the garden area and collect a pair of four different types of leaves. Try to collect a variation in leaf size. - After that place the leaves on a piece of squared paper (4mm²) and draw around them with a pencil. Next count all the individual squares and record the numbers in a chart. - Take the number of the squares for each leaf and multiply that number by 4. (For example: 132 is the number of counted squares and multiplied by 4 it equals 528). - After calculating the area of each leaf, record the results in a table. - By adding the numbers together and then dividing that number by two, you will be able to calculate the mean of each leaf type. - Then using a ruler measure the length of each leaf but try to make it a fair test by either including or not including the small stem of each leaf. Make sure that the measurements of length are
Phonological Variation of Hong Kong English
The objective of this report is, by gathering first-hand data and through personal communication with informants, to identify phonological variation of Hong Kong English speakers in comparison to the Received Pronunciation (RP) of British English, an identifiable standard English. RP is selected as it is a standard form of British English pronunciation, often regarded as 'a valuable standard' for linguistic study (David Crystal, 1995:365) or mentioned as a 'reference variety' (Melchers and Shaw, 2003:47),to which other varieties of English are compared, though it is only used by limited percentage of population(approximately 3%) around the world. Moreover, we are more familiar with British English, which English teaching in China is based on. Hong Kong English (HKE) is selected is due to its special standing within the outer circle- Crystal(1995:109) identifies HKE as being in the 'outer circle' of Kachru's three-circle model, however, at the same time, the status of it is closer to a foreign language (Melchers and Shaw, 2003:169). It would be interesting to identify how it develops its own unique variation of English from RP, a variety used by Hong Kong's former colony country, Britain. Moreover, HKE has an influence on Pearl River Delta, which is one of the most important economic areas in China, by the media such as television. HK is also a significant international harbor
