The Brandt Report

The Brandt Report In 1977, Robert McNamara (the president of the World Bank) calls upon Willy Brandt to be the head of the "independent Commission for international development issues." Brandt accepted this assignment. He assembled a group of international statesmen and leaders to take a close look at the failure of the global economy and the problems plaguing developing nations, the north-south commission. The Brandt Commission made a set of recommendations to governments, international agencies, and the global public. It proposed a restructuring of the global economy, along with a new approach to the problems of development, including an emergency program to eliminate poverty in developing nations. The report over two years to compile. On February 12, 1980 the Commission presents its "North-South Report" to the Secretary-General of the United Nations in New York. The Brandt Commission offered the international community a vision for balancing the creation of wealth with the provision of public services, anticipating new foundations for the future of civilization. The Brand Report wanted a balance in developmental policies and demands that the countries of the South be integrated into the global Economic system. They expected this will bring about needed improvements in economic and social conditions in disadvantaged countries. They also wanted rich industrial countries of

  • Word count: 1317
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Economics
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Cold War, Berlin Wall Crisis-1961

YEAR 12 HISTORY RESEARCH ASSIGNMENT By Ben Pike BERLIN WALL CRISIS-1961 The Berlin Wall Crisis in June 1961 was a key conflict during the Cold War, the Berlin Wall was a result of years of disagreement between superpowers America and the Soviet Union, or on a broader scale Capitalism and Communism. Following the Potsdam Conference, Berlin became a key point of conflict between the East and the West, as it lay well within the borders of Eastern Germany, controlled by the Soviet Union. According to Soviet Union leader Khrushchev this 'border control' resulted in the relieving of the German Democratic Republic's economy and restored discipline in East Germans lives. President Kennedy and the West also benefited, this came in the form of propaganda, images of death and escape from East Germany were used to promote capitalism as a superior social system. Ultimately the wall stopped the looming presence of war. At a domestic level the crisis resulted in families and friends in Berlin being broken apart and unable to contact each other. The crisis clearly transformed the Cold War, détente became evident in the superpower relationship after 1961. The Berlin Wall Crisis changed the Cold War, and left its mark on the Berlin population for decades after the actual crisis ended, the Berlin Wall didn't fall until 1990. When Kennedy and Khrushchev met for the first time in early June

  • Word count: 1724
  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: History
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From Cold War to Detente 1962-1981 - Cuban crisis and international relations.

Unit 2-From Cold War to Detente 1962-1981 o Why was there a crisis over Cuba? Cuba was part of America's 'own backyard' therefore it was up to them to protect it. The Cuban Constitution gave the USA rights of intervention and required Cuba to provide land for naval bases - hence the US base at Guantanamo Bay. USA had huge influence over the state, with Fulgencio Batista being the pro-American military dictator in Cuba. Fidel Castro organised a guerrilla campaign against the regime of Batista and Castro gained supporters. January 1959 Batista's rule collapsed and Castro rode on into the capital city and took over. Castro aimed to maintain his own authority, Cuba's independence and avoid alienating the powerful internal and external allies. Therefore the crisis over Cuba was that they wanted to be an independent state (communist) and the USA saw this as a threat to democracy as Cuba was so close to America. The Soviet first deputy visited Castro in Cuba and 1960 and arranged $100 million in credits with Castro, therefore creating an economic and political tie between Cuba and the Soviet Union. o How did the US respond to events in Cuba? America immediately imposed economic sanctions on Cuba and reduced their imports of Cuban sugar by 95%. This downward spiral in US-Cuban relations continued when Castro seized $1 billion of US assets on Cuba in Oct 1960. Bay of Pigs invasion

  • Word count: 1148
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: History
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What do you understand by the term "dtente", & how successful was its application during the Cold War period?

Manav Thakral November 17, 2002 Period 3. I.B History What do you understand by the term "détente", & how successful was its application during the Cold War period? After World War II, a struggle for ideological, economic & military global supremacy between the USA and her allies, & the U.S.S.R and her allies emerged. The struggle, known as the Cold War, was never a direct confrontation between the super powers but rather a difference in ideology and clash of expansionist ambitions. Through the years, it became apparent that the Americanization of Western Europe opposed the Sovietization of Eastern Europe in which both used spheres of interest in order to maintain their supremacy. By the 1950's, both superpowers realized that Détente reduced the chances of a nuclear war, it gave economic opportunities by opening new markets and allowed management of the Globalization of the Cold War. Détente is the continuing process for managing relations between rivals and it was established through meetings, agreements, treaties and joint activities. Arms Control Agreements which include, the Nuclear Proliferation Treaty, SALT I & SALT 2, Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, Anti Ballistic Missile Treaty and START, effectively contained and managed the spread of Nuclear Weapons However, Détente was more than simply a process of containing and reducing nuclear weapons. It gave way to

  • Word count: 1811
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Historical and Philosophical studies
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Cold War

Name : Saw Hsar Lwe Program : OUHK - Cetana (Myanmar) Course : SS201 Student No : 10399429 Assignment : TMA 05 Date : 15th, 9, 2010 When it comes to observing political history, the Cold War and post-Cold War seem to be worthwhile to give a try. Cold War is not a war. It is an ideological conflict between Communist and non-Communist countries. It means that one side uses every means, to defame or to weaken the other side but without directly fighting a war. Thus, in terms of this essay, I will firstly approach the passing of the Cold War, and move on to nine models that seem to be constructive in explaining the functioning of the post-Cold War. Finally, by dint of my own model I will give attempt to draw the picture of the post-Cold War era. The cold war started after World War II (1939-45) when the Allies (United States, Britain, France, and the Soviet Union) disagreed over how to govern occupied Germany. Soon after the Second World War both the United States and the Soviet Union became "super powers." The term "super powers" referred to the U.S. and the Soviet which both possessed military might and economic resources superior or equal to the combined strength of any group of countries of the rest of the world (Suter, 2003). Thus, they were called super powers. Countries such as Britain, France, China, Japan, and Germany were not regarded as super powers. The

  • Word count: 2871
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Social studies
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cold war

Despite what many might think, cold war is well known across hundreds of nations all over the world. cold war has been around for several centuries and has a very important meaning in the lives of many. It would be safe to assume that cold war is going to be around for a long time and have an enormous impact on the lives of many people. Social & Cultural Factors cold war has a large role in American Culture. Many people can often be seen taking part in activities associated with cold war. This is partly because people of most ages can be involved and families are brought together by this. Generally a person who displays their dislike for cold war may be considered an outcast. Economic Factors It is not common practice to associate economics with cold war. Generally, cold war would be thought to have no effect on our economic situation, but there are in fact some effects. The sales industry associated with cold war is actually a 2.3 billion dollar a year industry and growing each year. The industry employs nearly 150,000 people in the United States alone. It would be safe to say that cold war play an important role in American economics and shouldn't be taken for granted. Environmental Factors After a three month long research project, I've been able to conclude that cold war doesn't negatively effect the environment at all. A cold war did not seem to result in waste

  • Word count: 1220
  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Sociology
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COLD WAR

There is widespread agreement that the end of the Cold War was a triumph for the United States and the West; but even several years later, there is little consensus about its meaning and implications for the future. As a result, it is not surprising that we call the period in which we now find ourselves the "post-Cold War" world, defining it as much by reference to what it is not and by what is behind us, as by what it is and by what lies ahead of us. A few features of the post-Cold War environment already are clear. First and most obvious, our victory in the Cold War -- not only the fact that we won it but how we won it -- transformed what might be called our "security environment." This occurred in the fundamental sense that the very real threats to our national security interests and core values we faced for a generation have disappeared for the foreseeable future. Notwithstanding all the issues and problems we confront in the post-Cold War world, none compares to the dangers -- including the specter of nuclear annihilation -- we faced during the Cold War. The simple but remarkable fact is that, for the first time in my adult life, the United States no longer faces a direct military threat to its vital interests. Second, and perhaps less obvious, the end of the Cold War offers new possibilities. It opens the way for the diffusion of market economies and democracies

  • Word count: 1852
  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: History
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Cold war

International History. Option W - 1919-63 Part 2 1945-1963 (Key Issues 7-9) Key Issue 7- Why did the USA and the USSR become rivals in the period 1945-49 The breakup of the wartime alliances . A. What united GB, USA and the Soviet Union between 1941-5 In 1941 Hitler launched an attack on Russia, this breached the terms of the Nazi-Soviet pact. The USA GB and Russia had disliked the Germans for a long time because of their political ideas but this united them together against the Germans. 2. What disagreements were there between the USA and the Soviet Union during this period? The USA and Soviet Union had many differences during this period despite being allies. The main differences between the two countries were their political ideas. The Soviet Union was communist and a one party state, whereas the USA was a democratic country. In America there were numerous parties, all of whom were allowed to be a part of national elections which decided who would take control of their country. They also had social, economic and cultural differences. In the Soviet Union all industry was owned by communists and living standards were poor. Whereas in the USA living standards were higher and industry was privately owned 3. What was agreed at the Yalta conference of February 1945? The Yalta conference took place in February 1945, Stalin, Churchill and Roosevelt met and wanted to come

  • Word count: 1287
  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: History
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Cold War

Cold War War is an event that represents the situation of a state and how it is revolutionized. It introduces new factors that sometimes force nations others to join in the enhancing of ideas. In particular, the new face of the ideological or new age concept was brought up. The United States of America and the former Union of Soviet Socialists Republic engaged in an ideological conflict known as the Cold War from 1945 to 1989. It was a time of differences between democracy and communism. The other main consequence of the Cold War was also a great scientific and technological advancements. Both superpowers possessed highly destructive arms for their offense and defense that induced fear in the other. This fear caused the launch of the Space Race: a derby of government-funded scientific advancements to take the human race into space. The space program is, to a large extent, the result of the Cold War. The rivalry between the US and the USSR for being the head power but with different ideologies had preceded the Second World War. Both nations had unprecedented tension flowing between them. Among many of these tensions were the financial and propaganda issues that made them enemies. These facts made a series of competitions such as economic strategies and propaganda. Among these competitions is one of the most important; the Space Race. The Cold War fueled an important

  • Word count: 2561
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: History
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Cold war

Luke Rogers 5-1-00 "Why have historians found it difficult to reach agreement in assessing responsibility for the Cold War?" The Cold War is a product of the combined folly of both the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. However, historians have seen both sides making mistakes, acting aggressively, and pushing one and other to make further mistakes throughout the years. Furthermore, it is human nature to wish to assign blame to one side or the other. Meanwhile, it has been difficult to tell what one side has been doing as neither the US or the USSR has wished to point out the other side what they had been doing. Of course, no issue in recent history has sparked quite so much discussion in historical circles. Assessing not only the blame but also the damage caused by the Cold War has given rise to many a book and historians have often argued quite aggressively for either side. Nevertheless, historians such as Thomas A. Bailey have argued that the US was reacting to Soviet expansionism and attempting to stem the tide of Soviet aggression. "Revisionists" historians such as William A. Williams have written that the US acted for its own concerns in keeping the world economy open to American trade and therefore fought the Soviets for the purposes of maintaining its economic stronghold. Finally, "post-revisionists" such as Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr have

  • Word count: 934
  • Level: International Baccalaureate
  • Subject: History
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